science term 1 Flashcards

(51 cards)

1
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

DNA is stored in the form of

A

Chromosones

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3
Q

Chromosomes are tightly coiled DNA molecule and located in the

A

nucleus of the cell

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4
Q

how many pairs of Chromosomes do human cells normally have

A

23
or 46 chromosomes

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5
Q

the 23rd pair of chromosomes are the

A

sex chromones

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6
Q

XX chromosomes are

A

Female

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7
Q

XY chromosomes are

A

male

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8
Q

how many bases are there are in DNA

A

4
adenine and thymine
cytosine and Guanine

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9
Q

What letters are used to represent the bases

A

Adenine or a
thymine or t
guanine with g
cytosine with c

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10
Q

what is a sequence of DNA basses called

A

Gene

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11
Q

What is the shape of DNA

A

A double helix

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12
Q

DNA is made up of 4

A

nucleotides arranged in a repeating fashion

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13
Q

each nucleotide is made up of

A

phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base which is:
“cytosine, guanine, Thymine or adenine”

for image go to
https://knowt.com/note/3bd3a38c-99a3-4741-8039-82ffc1c4ea1b/Untitled?isNew=true

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14
Q

which bases pair together

A

Adenine and thymine
guanine and cytosine

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15
Q

there are (xxxx) bonds holding nitrogenis bonds together

A

hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are in the base pairs

A

A (Adenine) - T (Thymine) - 2 hydrogen bonds

G (Guanine) - C (Cytosine) - 3 hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

where in the cell are chromosomes located

A

nuculeus

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18
Q

what forms the backbone of DNA.

A

phosphate and sugar

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19
Q

diploid

A

cells that have 2 copies of each chromosone

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20
Q

haploid

A

gametes that have only 1 copy of each chromosone

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21
Q

how many chromosomes would the body cells produce by the fusing of the egg and sperm in total

22
Q

how many pairs of chromosones would the body cells produce by fusing of the egg and sperm have?

23
Q

what does karyotype mean

A

the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in a cells nucleus.

24
Q

genes

A

A section of DNA containing the instruction to make a particular protein

25
each gene codes for 1
protein
26
genome
a complete DNA sequence of an organism
27
alleles
Genes can have different versions these versions are called
28
mutations are
changes to the dna sequence
29
factors leading to mutation are
- chemical damage - phisical damage -chance -Biological damage
30
the cell cycle
stage 1: Interphase stage 2: mitosis stage 3: cytokenisis
31
what stages are in mitosis
prophase metaphase anaphase telophase Party Monday And Tuesday
32
what happens in Prophase
DNA condenses into visable chromosomes. spindle fibers form at opposite poles. nuclear membrane disapears.
33
what happens in metaphase
double stranded chromosomes line up along the center of the cell. some spindle fibers attach to the centromere of the chromosome.
34
what happens in Anaphase
spindle fibers pull the chromatids apart to the opposite sides of the cell. the chromatids separate to become two independent chromosomes and move to the opposite poles of the cell.
35
telophase
new nuclear membranes form around the separated chromotides and the cytoplasm begins to divide two nuclei form with a diploid number of chromosomes
36
cytokenisis
is part of cell division where the cytoplasm of the parent cell divides into two daughter cells and a new membrane forms
37
which two types of cell division occur
mitosis and meiosis
38
Homologous chromosomes are
paired chromosomes
39
Human skin cells complete the cell cycle in a short time. explain the advantages of these cells completing the cell cycle in a short time.
- Skin damage/ injury cells dies - Short cell cycle replaces cells rapidly.
40
Genotype
Set of alleles an individual has.
41
phenotype
An individuals set of observable characteristics
42
homozygous
If you have two of the same allele, you are homozygous for that gene (e.g. bb or BB). (‘homo’ = the same)
43
heterozygous
If you have two different alleles (e.g. one dominant and one recessive), you are heterozygous for that gene (e.g. Bb). (‘hetero’ = different)
44
what are the different types of asexual reproduction
1. Budding- Development of a new individual from outgrowths on the body wall of the parent 2. Binary fission- Reproduction by cell division to create two equal-sized cells, each containing the same genetic information
45
gene locus
Each gene has its own specific position on a particular chromosome.
46
centromere
page 19 summary/mitosis PowerPoint 2. Mitosis prophase Middle of chromosome
47
centriols
1. interphase page 19 summary/mitosis PowerPoint (the parts that hold the spindle fibers to the opposite polls)
48
mitosis
2 new daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell and have the 'normal' number of chromosomes (diploid) 46/23 pairs/2n
49
meiosis
4 new daughter cells are produced that are not genetically identical to the parent cell or the other daughter cells. They each have half the number of chromosomes (haploid – n)
50
what are somatic cells
normal human cells that have 46 chromosomes
51
stages of meiosis
interphase then prophase prometaphase, metaphase anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis, prophase 2 prometaphase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2, cytokenisis