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cells, digestive, respiratory, circulatory (88 cards)

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1
Q

What is cell theory?

A

All living things are made up of cells; cells are the basic unit of life and structure; all living things are created from existing cells

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2
Q

Define Unicellular and Multicellular

A

UNI: an organism consisting of only one cell
MULTI: an organism that has two or more cells

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3
Q

Define micro-organism and what is its other name?

A

Micro-organism/Microbe: a microscopic organism that can only be seen with a microscope.

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4
Q

Who invented the microscopes? And how?

A

In 1590, dutch inventors Hans and Zacharias who made glasses for a living, played around with lenses, and created one of the first microscopes by putting several lenses in a tube

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5
Q

Large VS small cells with nutrients

A

L: need to move nutrients a long way to the center.
S: do not need to make the nutrients travel as far and this makes it easier for all parts of the cell to stay healthy

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6
Q

Large VS Small cells with vol/surface area

A

S: more surface to area per volume
L: less surface to area per volume

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7
Q

What is a microscope?

A

A scope that allows the human eyes to see microbes, cells, and even atoms. It is an instrument that uses lenses to magnify the size of objects.

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8
Q

What is a stereomicroscope?

A

A microscope with two eyepieces that use low magnification.

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9
Q

Label a microscope

A
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10
Q

What is an electron microscope?

A

A microscope that uses electrons to create images.

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11
Q

How to calculate the magnification

A

Multiply the strength of the eyepiece lens with the objective lens, then add the x.

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12
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

(only in plants) supports the cell and helps with structure

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13
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

a thin shell that controls what goes in and out of the cell and maintains structure

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14
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

it is the brain of the cell, controls the cell’s function and has DNA for reproduction

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15
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

It gives lots of energy to the cell so cellular processes can take place.

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16
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Ribosome make proteins for the cell

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17
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

(only in plants) this is where photosynthesis takes place and where chlorophyll is, which is what makes plants green

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18
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

A jelly-like substance that is inside the cell, and holds organelles in place.

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19
Q

What is DNA?

A

Genetic instructions for development, functioning, growth and reproduction. The structure is a double helix.

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20
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Vesicles transport materials in and out of the cell and recycle waste.

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21
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Vacuoles store food. Plants have larger vacuoles than animals.

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22
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum receives protein from ribosomes and modifies/folds them for usage.

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23
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

The Golgi apparatus packages proteins into vesicles for export

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24
Q

Who was the first scientist to describe what a cell was?

A

Robert Hooke

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25
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic: bacteria Eukaryotic: animals, plants and fungi
26
Are viruses living?
Most scientists consider them not living because they cannot survive outside a host. After all, it needs the host to reproduce.
27
How to bacteria reproduce?
Binary fission, which is when it stretches and splits into two
28
How do viruses reproduce?
Viruses infect its host's cells, then the cell bursts and releases more viruses.
29
What is a pathogen?
An organism that can cause a disease.
30
How do you fight a virus?
Fighting viruses is very difficult because they hide in our cells (therefore antibiotics don't work). Once defeated, the immune system stores memory cells, which hold the memory of how to fight the virus.
30
Describe a bacteria's structure.
They are eukaryotic, have no nucleus, are unicellular
30
Describe a bacteria's reproduction
Binary fission, in as little as 20 minutes, at -4C to 60C
31
Describe a fungi's structure
Eukaryotic, and have no nucleus but multicellular
32
What are tissues and organs?
Tissues are a group of cells working together to carry out a function. Organs are a group of tissues working together.
33
What are systems and organisms?
A system is a group of organs working together. An organism is made up of different systems working together.
34
What are the two types of digestion?
Mechanical and chemical
35
What are the types of teeth and their purposes?
Incisors: cut, slice and bite Canines: tear and grip Premolars: crush and chew Molars: crush, chew and grind food
36
What is the enzyme in your mouth (chemical digestion)?
Amylase, which breaks down food, but mostly starch.
37
What does saliva do?
softens and dissolves food. Saliva consists of water, salt and enzymes.
38
What are lysosomes?
Lysosomes destroy any harmful, micro-organisms
38
What does the esophagus do?
The oesophagus carries food from the mouth to the stomach and is around 25cm
38
How is food moved down the esophagus?
By peristalsis, which is moves food along the alimentary, in a series of relaxations and contractions. Peristalsis also helps break down bolus (food).
38
What does HCL stand for and what is it?
Hydrochloric acid, is a acid in the stomach with a pH or 1-2 (very acidic) and has pepsin in it, which digests proteins.
38
What does the stomach do?
Digest food by churning (mechanical digestion) to create chyme, a mixture of the food.
38
What forms urine?
Urea, salt and water
39
Why do we have no acid burns from stomach acids?
Because of a mucus lining
39
What is the stomach?
A muscular bag that stores and digests food
39
What is the long intestine?
a 1.5m organ, after the small intestine, reabsorbs water. Food stays in the large intestine for about 10 hours.
39
How is fiber good for digestion?
Fiber stimulates peristalsis and helps the large intestine to absorb water.
39
What does the liver produce?
Bile, which breaks down fat.
39
T/F: Plant cell walls contain cellulose, which contains fiber
True!
39
When the liver breaks down amino acids, what does it produce?
The liver breaks down excess amino acids (proteins) to form urea (which is present in urine)
39
What lines the small intestine?
Villi, which are tiny hairs that increase the surface area for better absorption of water/nutrients.
39
What is a carnivore's diet?
A carnivore (lions, eagles) has shorter intestines (meat is easier to digest) and has sharp canines to catch, grip, and tear into their prey.
39
What do villi absorb?
glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals (nutrients)
40
What does the large intestine have?
Feces and stool, but the rectum mostly stores feces.
40
What is a herbivore's diet?
Herbivores like rabbits and cows have longer intestines to break down plant fiber and have flattened teeth for chewing and grinding.
41
What is a omnivore's diet?
Omnivores like humans, pigs and robins have medium-length intestines and a stomach that can process a variety of food. They have both molars and canines to eat meat and plants.
42
What does the circulatory system do?
It transports food from digestion and oxygen from the lungs in the blood to all the cells in your body.
42
What does blood do?
Transports oxygen to cells, transports food to cells, helps to fight infection, keeps the body at the right temperature, and transports waste away from cells.
43
What wastes travel in the blood?
Carbon dioxide and water travel in the blood to the lungs and kidney.
44
Explain red blood cells.
Red blood cells carry oxygen to body cells and have no nucleus and a thickened rim.
45
Explain white blood cells
Fight infection
46
Explain platelets
Platelets clot the blood when blood vessels are damaged.
47
What are the three vessels that carry blood?
arteries, veins and capillaries
48
What are arteries?
Arteries are vessels with a thick wall, get clogged easily (small lumen) and carry blood away from the heart.
49
What are veins?
Vessels with thin walls, valves and carry blood to the heart.
50
What are capillaries?
A vessel one cell thick, very narrow and branch out from vessels.
51
Where is the heart and what size is it?
The heart is located in the chest, in the middle slightly to the left, and is the size of the person's closed fist.
52
Draw and label the heart
:)
52
What is the heart made of?
Cardiac muscle, which is the only muscle in the body that does not tire or stop unless you die.
52
What is the largest artery in the body?
The aorta, which stems from the left atrium
53
What do valves do?
Prevent the backflow of blood
54
What are the upper chambers in a heart?
Atriums
54
What separates the heat in two?
The septum
55
What are the lower chambers in the heart?
The ventricles
56
What is the vena cava?
A vein entering the right atrium.
57
What does the respiratory system do?
Transports air in and out of the lungs and exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen.
57
Why should you breathe through the nose?
Because of the nostril hairs and snot which can filter dust and other bacteria.
58
What is the trachea?
The trachea takes air down into the lungs. It has cartilage rings surrounding it.
59
What is the bronchus?
A tube that carries air into the lungs, while also dividing it into each lung.
60
What are the bronchioles?
Bronchioles are small tubules that branch out from a bronchus to carry air into an alveolus.
61
What is an alveolus and what does it do?
An alveolus is an air sac that accommodates gas exchange.
61
What do intercostal muscles do?
Intercostal muscles cause the chest to expand and contract.
61
What is the purpose of the diaphragm?
The diaphragm causes the volume of the chest to increase/decrease by pushing up against the lungs and relaxing.
62
What does the epiglottis do?
The epiglottis is a flap that allows food into the esophagus and directs air into the trachea.
63
What is gas exchange?
Gas exchange swaps carbon dioxide with oxygen.
64
What are some of the features of the lung that make it easier to breathe?
-large, thin surface (maximizing surface area) -moist surface helps gases move faster -all gas transport systems are close by for quicker exchange

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