Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment

Question 1

Scientific Revolution background: Copernicus

Answer 1

-Heliocentric theory-> sun centered, challenged church

Question 2

Scientific Revolution background: How did Renaissance/reformation influence scientific revolution

Answer 2

-Questioning

Question 3

Scientific Revolution background: How did Age of European Exploration influence scientific revolution

Answer 3

-New people/land-> new truths to be discovered about the world

Question 4

Scientific Revolution background: Kepler

Answer 4

-3 laws that govern planetary motion, showed planets move in elliptical motion, mathematically demonstrated planets move around the sun

Question 5

Scientific Revolution background: Galileo

Answer 5

-Built telescope, Jupiter 4 moons, moon has rough surface, sun has dark spots, trouble with church

Question 6

Bacon

Answer 6

-Experimental method: experiment and then draw conclusions

Question 7

Descartes

Answer 7

-Developed analytical geometry and philosophy

Question 8

Newton

Answer 8

• All physical objects were affected equally by the same forces
• Law of universal gravitation-> every object in the universe attracts every other object, degree depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them
• Law of motion
• Law of enertia

Question 9

Zacharias Janssen

Answer 9

-Made first microscope

Question 10

Van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 10

-Used microscope to observe bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings, examined red blood cells

Question 11

Evangelista Torricelli

Answer 11

-Developed the first mercury barometer-> measure atmospheric pressure and predicts weather

Question 12

Gabriel Fahrenhiet/Anders Celcius

Answer 12

• Made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass-> water freezes at 32 degreees
• Another scale for mercury thermometer-> water freezes at 0

Question 13

Andreas Veralius

Answer 13

-Found human anatomy was not like other animals, dissected human corpses and published observations

Question 14

Edward Jenner

Answer 14

-Introduced vaccine to prevent small pox for humans

Question 15

Robert Boyle

Answer 15

• Pioneered the use of the scientific method in chemistry
• Father of modern chemistry
• Proposed that matter was made up of smaller primary particles that joined together in different ways
• Boyles law-> how volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other

Question 16

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 16

• Was in English civil war-> pointless, many people died
• Says people are terrible naturally
• Leviathon (sea monster, said all governments should have one)
• Hand over rights to strong rulers to escape solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and they got aw and order-> social contract
• Ruler should have total power and control

Question 17

John Locke

Answer 17

• Was alike during glorious revolution
• Natural rights-> when born
• People learn from experience and improve themselves
• Life, liberty, and property
• All people were born free and equal
• Government power comes from the consent of the people

Question 18

Philosophy: Philosophies

Answer 18

• French word for philosopher
• Social critics
• Though people could apply reason/logic to all aspects of their lives-> Locke

Question 19

Philosophy: Happiness

Answer 19

-Pursue happiness now (not afterlife)

Question 20

Philosophy: Reason

Answer 20

-Uncover universal or natural truths

Question 21

Philosophy: Liberty

Answer 21

• Freedom
• Individual freedoms
• England-> Bill of Rights
• Glorious revolution

Question 22

Philosophy: Progress

Answer 22

-Individually and as a society

Question 23

Philosophy: NAture

Answer 23

-Nature is good and reasonable

Question 24

Voltaire

Answer 24

• Freedom of religion
• Made many political essays, philosophy, and drama-> books
• Used Satine against his opponents. Made frequent targets of the clergy, the aristocracy and the government
• Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech
• Twice imprisoned and once exiled

Question 25

Baron De Montesquieu

Answer 25

- Devoted himself to the study of political liberty - Believed Britain was the best-governed and most politically balanced country of his day - Book "On the spirit of Laws" - Advocated a separation of powers- Executive branch (enforce laws), Legislative branch (Make laws), and judicial branch (interpret laws)

Question 26

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Answer 26

- Natural inequality-> can't do anything about it-> height, strength, speed, etc - Won recognition as a writer of essays - Wrote "The social contract"- very different from Hobbes - According to Rousseau it was an agreement among free individuals to create a society and government - Like democracy

Question 27

Cesare Beccaria

Answer 27

- Italian philosophe- believed that laws existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes - Criticized torturing of witnesses and suspects, irregular proceedings in trials, and punishments that were arbitrary or cruel - Believed in a speedy trial and that torture should never be used, the degree of punishment should be based on the seriousness of the crime, and that capital punishment should be abolished

Question 28

Mary Astell

Answer 28

- Wrote "A serious proposal to the ladies" - Her book addressed the lack of educational opportunities for women - Used enlightenment arguments about government to criticize the unequal relationship between men and women in marriage

Question 29

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 29

- Argued that women, like men, need education to become virtuous and useful - Urged women to enter the male-dominated fields of medicine and politics

Question 30

Emilie du Chatlet

Answer 30

- Aristocrat trained as a mathematician and physicist - Translated Newton's work from Latin into French - Helped stimulate interest in Science in France

Question 31

Adam Smith

Answer 31

- Scottish economist, wrote "The Wealth of Nations" - Said there were three natural laws of economics: - The law of self-interest-> people work for their own good - The law of supply and demand-> Enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy - Capitalism

Question 32

What was an enlightenment salon

Answer 32

- Ideas of Enlightenment were spread and debunked in the mansions of wealthy women ans they were called salons - Philosophes, writers, artists, scientists orgers discussed ideas

Question 33

Denis Discord

Answer 33

- Created large set of books that many heading scholars of Europe contributed articles and essays. He called it the encyclopedia - wrote down everything that we know - Enlightenment ideas->democracy, liberty, so it angered the church and monarchy - Diderot was imprisoned

Question 34

What did it mean to be an enlightened despot

Answer 34

-Monarchs that embraced new ideas and made reforms that reflected the spirit of englightenment

Question 35

Fredrick II

Answer 35

``` -Wanted to reform Prussia Pros: -Religious freedoms -Reduced censorship -Abolished the use of torture -Called himself a servant pf the state ``` Cons: -Didn’t change serfdom

Question 36

Catherine the Great pros or cons

Answer 36

Pros: - Agreed with Religious toleration - Agreed with Abolishing torture and capital punishment - Formed a commission to look at abuses - Sought to reform Russia Cons: - Her commissions did’t do much - Gave powers to nobles

Question 37

Can monarchs be enlightened

Answer 37

Monarchs can support some ideas, but not all->democracy