SCREENING AND PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE

Question 1

The presumptive ID of an unrecognized disease or defect
by the application of tests, examinations or other
procedures that can be applied rapidly

Answer 1

screening

Question 2

Mainly used to identify asymptomatic individuals

Answer 2

screening

Question 3

Assumption: Earlier diagnosis leads to earlier treatment

Answer 3

screening

Question 4

• Asymptomatic individuals
• Less accurate
• Less expensive
• Not a basis for treatment

Answer 4

screening

Question 5

• Symptomatic individuals
• More accurate
• More expensive
• Basis for treatment

Answer 5

diagnostic

Question 6

Characteristics of a Disease Appropriate for Screening:

Answer 6

1. Disease is serious with severe consequences
2. Treatment is more effective at an earlier stage
3. Disease has a clinical detectable preclinical stage
4. The preclinical phase is fairly long and prevalent in the target
5. population

Question 7

Characteristics of a Screening Test:

Answer 7

• Economical
• Convenient
• Relatively free of risk and discomfort
• Acceptable to a large number of individuals
• Highly valid and reliable

Question 8

Screening programs should
be conducted efficiently,
with minimal inconvenience
and discomfort and at a reasonable cost

Answer 8

feasibility

Question 9

Screening programs should achieve its goal of reducing morbidity and mortality

Answer 9

effectiveness

Question 10

Potential systematic errors of screening:

Answer 10

• Volunteer bias
• Lead-time bias
• Length bias

Question 11

interval between the time of disease detection through screening and the time of disease recognition in the absence of screening

Answer 11

Lead Time

Question 12

phenomenon where early diagnosis of a disease falsely makes it look like people are surviving longer.

Answer 12

lead time basis

Question 13

phenomenon whereby slower-growing, less aggressive tumors have a longer preclinical screen-detectable
period and are therefore more likely to be screendetected than faster-growing, more aggr

Answer 13

Length Time Bias

Question 14

Types of Screening:

Answer 14

1. Mass screening
2. Targeted screening
3. Opportunistic screening
4. Multiphasic screening

Question 15

screening for general population

Answer 15

mass screening

Question 16

scrrening for high-risk population

Answer 16

targeted screening

Question 17

screening for case-finding

Answer 17

opportunistic screening

Question 18

screening for several screening tools to detect several conditions at the same time

Answer 18

multiphasic screening

Question 19

Multiple Screening Tests:

Answer 19

1. sequential
2. simultaneous

Question 20

those who are positive on the first test will be subjected to the second test

Answer 20

sequential

Question 21

participants are subjected to two or more
tests at the same time

Answer 21

simultaneous

Question 22

“sur” + “veiller” meaning

Answer 22

french: over + watch

Question 23

A systematic collection, collation, and analysis of data, and the prompt dissemination of the resulting information to those who need to know so that action can result.

Answer 23

PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE

Question 24

Purpose of Public Health Surveillance:

Answer 24

• Provides and interprets data to facilitate the prevention and control of disease
• should always have clear objectives

Question 25

Utility of Surveillance:

Answer 25

1. Immediate detection 2. . Periodic Dissemination 3. Stored information

Question 26

Characteristics of a well-conducted Public Health Surveillance System:

Answer 26

* Acceptability * Flexibility * Validity * Quality * Representativeness * Stability * Simplicity * Timeliness

Question 27

Essential Activities of Public Health Surveillance:

Answer 27

- Identify, define, and measure the health problem of interest - Collect and compile data about the problem - Analyze and interpret the data - Provide these data and their interpretation to those responsible for controlling health problem - monitor periodically, evaluate the usefulness and quality surveillance to improve it for future use

Question 28

Typical Sources of Data:

Answer 28

* Individual persons * Health care providers, facilities and records * Doctor’s clinic, hospital (OPD,ER), Laboratories * Environmental conditions * Air, water * Administrative actions * Financial transactions * Sales of goods and services, tax * Legal actions * Laws and regulations

Question 29

Methods of Collecting Health-Related Data:

Answer 29

* Environmental Monitoring * Survey * Notification * Registries * Re-analysis of secondary data

Question 30

Health care providers send reports to health departments on the basis of a known set of rules and regulations

Answer 30

passive surveillance

Question 31

Health departments contact health care providers to solicit reports

Answer 31

active surveillance

Question 32

- Relies on a pre-arranged sample of health care providers who agree to report all cases of certain conditions - Sample might not be a representative of the entire population

Answer 32

sentinel surveillance

Question 33

Interpreting Results of Analysis:

Answer 33

* scenario * response

Question 34

Increase in the incidence / variation in pattern of disease

Answer 34

scenario

Question 35

Further investigation / prevention or control measures

Answer 35

response

Question 36

Common Causes of Artifactual Changes:

Answer 36

- Changes in case definition - Laboratory error - Duplicate reporting - Increase in population size - Ne lab test / diagnostic procedure - Batch reporting

Question 37

4 Major Disease Surveillance Systems Prior to PIDSR:

Answer 37

1. national epidemic sentinel surveillance system (NESS) 2. VPD surveillance 3. HIV-AIDS registry 4. notifiable disease reporting system (NDRS)

Question 38

Surveillance Systems in the Philippines:

Answer 38

Phil. Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (PIDSR)

Question 39

hospital-based surveillance system that yields information on admitted cases of diseases with outbreak potential in sentinel hospitals and which can serve as an early warning system for epidemics in the community

Answer 39

National Endemic Sentinel Surveillance System (NESS)

Question 40

monitoring of priority vaccine-preventable diseases targeted for eradication and elimination, **namely**: -- poliomyelitis, measles and neonatal tetanus

Answer 40

VPD Surveillance

Question 41

keeps track of the number of HIV-AIDS cases through a voluntary testing program

Answer 41

HIV-AIDS Registry

Question 42

generates information on 17 diseases and 7 syndromes

Answer 42

Notifiable Disease Reporting System (NDRS)

Question 43

Approaches of PIDSR:

Answer 43

* Facility and community based approaches * Case-based data collection