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1
Q

What is the most important cognitive development in early childhood?

A

Theory of mind

Theory of mind involves understanding that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions different from one’s own.

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2
Q

At what age do children typically start to understand that others have intentions?

A

Less than 1 year

This understanding is part of the early milestones of metacognition.

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3
Q

What is the false belief principle?

A

Understanding that a child can look at a situation from another point of view

This principle is crucial for developing theory of mind.

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4
Q

What are the four parenting styles identified by Maccoby and Martin?

A
  • Authoritative
  • Authoritarian
  • Permissive
  • Uninvolved

Each style has different impacts on child development and outcomes.

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5
Q

What is the outcome associated with authoritative parenting?

A

Best outcomes, including higher self-esteem and better academic performance

Authoritative parents balance warmth and expectations.

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6
Q

True or False: Parenting styles have no influence on children’s social behavior.

A

False

Different parenting styles significantly affect children’s behavior and social interactions.

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7
Q

What factors influence the development of theory of mind?

A
  • Language and verbal reasoning
  • Cognitive skills and abilities
  • Make-believe play
  • Social interaction

These factors help children understand others’ perspectives.

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8
Q

What is the role of play in early childhood development?

A
  • Physical development
  • Cognitive development
  • Social development

Play is crucial for developing motor skills, understanding others, and social skills.

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9
Q

What are the different types of play observed in children?

A
  • Solitary play
  • Parallel play
  • Associative play
  • Cooperative play

Each type reflects different stages of social interaction.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ stage in Freud’s theory focuses on toilet training.

A

Anal

This stage occurs from ages 1 to 3.

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11
Q

What is the significance of attachment in early childhood?

A

Influences behavior and relationships

Secure attachment leads to fewer behavior problems and better relationships.

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12
Q

What is the impact of poverty on children’s health and development?

A
  • Higher rates of birth defects
  • Poor health outcomes
  • Lower academic performance

Poverty has profound negative effects on children’s early development.

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13
Q

What are the three stages of Kohlberg’s Stage Theory of Gender Development?

A
  • Gender Identity
  • Gender Stability
  • Gender Constancy

These stages outline how children’s understanding of gender evolves.

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14
Q

What does ‘locus of control’ refer to in child development?

A
  • Internal locus - believes they have control over their life
  • External locus - feels ruled by circumstances

Locus of control influences how children approach challenges.

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15
Q

What are some negative outcomes associated with uninvolved parenting?

A
  • Poor academic performance
  • Behavioral issues with peers

Uninvolved parenting is linked to the worst developmental outcomes.

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16
Q

What is the role of social-skills training in child development?

A

Improves emotional regulation and social acceptance

Social-skills training can help children manage their feelings and understand peers.

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17
Q

What is the primary importance in Freud’s and Erikson’s theories of personality development?

A

Balancing parental control with a child’s emerging needs and skills.

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18
Q

What two stages describe autonomy and initiative in Erikson’s theory?

A

Autonomy and Initiative.

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19
Q

What do social-cognitive theorists associate with advances in social and personality development?

A

Cognitive development.

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20
Q

List three topics of interest to social-cognitive theorists.

A
  • Person perception
  • Understanding rule categories
  • Understanding others’ intentions
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21
Q

How do attachment behaviors change during early childhood?

A

They become less visible as the child gets older.

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22
Q

What is the association between preschoolers and parental influence attempts?

A

Preschoolers refuse or defy parental influence attempts more than infants.

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23
Q

Describe the outcomes associated with authoritative parenting.

A

Most positive outcomes for children.

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24
Q

How does socioeconomic status interact with parenting styles?

A

Authoritative parenting may not always be the best style in lower SES situations.

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25
What is the relationship between family structure and children's development?
Many family structures experience high stress, but only some children have elevated risks.
26
What typical behavior do children exhibit following a divorce?
Disrupted behavior for several years.
27
Identify the types of play that evolve as children grow.
* Solitary play * Onlooker play * Parallel play * Associative play * Cooperative play
28
What is the trend in physical aggression among preschoolers?
Increases and then declines.
29
How does empathy change during early childhood?
Empathy and prosocial behavior become more common.
30
What influences young children's temperaments?
Social experiences within and outside of the family.
31
What are the three stages of gender concept development according to cognitive-developmental theory?
* Gender identity * Gender stability * Gender constancy
32
At what age do children begin learning cultural expectations based on gender?
About age 2.
33
What is horizontal decalage in Piaget's theory?
Children do not master all concrete operational tasks at the same time.
34
What are the key cognitive changes during Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage?
* Decentration * Reversibility * Inductive Logic
35
What is the role of formal education in cognitive development?
It provides a structured environment that enhances cognitive growth.
36
What is phonological awareness?
Understanding sound structures in words.
37
What is a balanced approach to reading instruction?
Combining phonics with sentence structure, grammar, and composition skills.
38
What are program accommodations?
Adjustments in teaching methods for children with special needs.
39
What are the characteristics of children with exceptionalities?
* Behaviour Disorders * Communication Disorders * Sensory Impairments * Intellectual Differences * Pervasive Developmental Disorders * Physical Disorders
40
What is an Individual Education Plan (IEP)?
A written document containing learning and behavioral objectives for the exceptional student.
41
What physical changes occur during middle childhood?
Children gain 5 to 8 cm in height and about 2.75 kg of weight each year.
42
What health risks are prevalent for 6- to 12-year-olds?
Unintentional injuries and unhealthy weights.
43
What cognitive advantages do children gain in Piaget’s concrete operational stage?
Understanding reversibility and decentration.
44
What challenges do second-language learners face?
Potential academic achievement issues without proper support.
45
What are the benefits of bilingual education?
* Improved language skills * Enhanced thinking skills * Greater appreciation for cultures
46
How does ADHD affect a child's development?
Impacts academic learning and social relationships.
47
What is the definition of aggression?
Behavior intended to injure another person or damage an object.
48
What is the significance of friendship stability from ages 0-6?
Related to social competence and long-term skills.
49
What are the characteristics of boys' and girls' friend groups?
* Boys: Larger groups, more competitive * Girls: Smaller, more exclusive groups
50
What role does parenting style play in prosocial behavior?
Warm and nurturing parenting promotes altruism and empathy.
51
What factors contribute to adverse childhood experiences (ACE)?
* Sociocultural factors * Characteristics of the abused * Household stress
52
What are ACE risk factors?
Adverse Childhood Experiences that can lead to negative health and social consequences over the life course ## Footnote ACEs include experiences such as abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction.
53
How do sociocultural factors influence child development?
They affect how children are treated and perceived, impacting their development and well-being ## Footnote Cultural background can shape parenting styles and expectations.
54
What characteristics are often seen in abused children?
Mental health issues, substance abuse, and a higher likelihood of being abused themselves ## Footnote These characteristics can perpetuate cycles of abuse.
55
What is Erikson's stage for middle childhood?
Industry vs. Inferiority ## Footnote In this stage, children strive to achieve competence through culturally defined goals.
56
What impact does success have on children in Erikson's theory?
Fosters industry and a strong work ethic ## Footnote Conversely, failure can lead to feelings of inferiority.
57
What is self-concept?
Understanding of internal traits, emotions, and personality characteristics ## Footnote It evolves from simple descriptors in early childhood to complex self-descriptions in late childhood.
58
Define self-efficacy.
The belief in one's ability to cause an intended event ## Footnote Bandura's research indicates that peer models influence self-efficacy development.
59
What is the significance of the development of Theory of Mind?
Recognition of others' thoughts, feelings, and perspectives ## Footnote This understanding improves with age, leading to more nuanced interpretations of behavior.
60
How do children's descriptions of others change from ages 6-12?
Shift from focusing on external features to internal traits ## Footnote This reflects a deeper understanding of personality.
61
What role does parenting style play in self-regulation?
Authoritative parenting fosters better self-regulation ## Footnote Over-controlling or under-controlling parenting can lead to social withdrawal or aggression.
62
What are the challenges younger children face in self-care?
Limited cognitive skills and vulnerability to risks in unsafe neighborhoods ## Footnote These challenges highlight the need for parental monitoring.
63
What changes occur in children’s understanding of friendships during middle childhood?
Friendships become more stable and are based on trustworthiness and characteristics ## Footnote Play preferences and gender also influence friendship dynamics.
64
What types of aggression are most common among school-aged children?
Physical aggression declines while verbal aggression increases ## Footnote Boys typically exhibit higher levels of physical aggression, while girls show higher relational aggression.
65
How does self-care affect boys' and girls' development?
Outcomes depend on age, maturity, gender, neighborhood, and parental monitoring ## Footnote Safe neighborhoods and close parental monitoring mitigate negative effects.
66
What influences does television have on children's development?
Can teach vocabulary and prosocial behavior but excessive viewing correlates with lower grades ## Footnote Exposure to violence on television can increase personal aggression.
67
What are the key features of the psychological self between ages 6 and 12?
Inclusion of personality traits and physical characteristics in self-descriptions ## Footnote Children start to compare themselves with peers in more complex ways.
68
What are the two main factors shaping self-esteem in children?
Discrepancy between goals and achievements, and perceived social support ## Footnote A strong sense of meaningfulness helps children face adolescent challenges.
69
What are the stages of moral reasoning according to Piaget?
Moral realism and moral relativism ## Footnote Children in moral realism view rules as fixed, while those in moral relativism understand rules can change.

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