Second Exam

Question 1

Renaissance
Virgin of the rocks
Leonardo da vinci

Answer 1

Balanced pyramidal composition
Chiaroscuro
Sfumato
Ambiguous two infants
Leonardo emphasizes role of baptism in life of worshipper
Poetic ambiguity brings out role of baptism without undermining centrality of christ

Question 2

Sfumato

Answer 2

Smoky

Question 3

Barrel vault

Answer 3

Extrusion of curve along given distance

Question 4

Linear perspective

Answer 4

System using converging imaginary lines to create illusion of depth

Question 5

Tympanum

Answer 5

Prominent semi circular lunette above door way proper

Question 6

Longitudinal plan

Answer 6

Central nave/apse at one end

Question 7

Early christian

plan and section of church of santa costanza

Answer 7

Central design plan
Generally used for adjacent structures not the main basilica
Has antecedents traceable to the tholos tombs of the mycenaeans and the domed structures of ancient rome (pantheon)
Severe brick exterior
Interior adorned with mosaics

Question 8

Gothic
Good samaritan window
Chartres cathedral

Answer 8

Cluster medallion window
Allegory on sin and salvation
Principal subject is parable of christ meant to teach moral truth
Narrates allegory for christs redemption of humanitys sin
Juxtaposed with adam and eve who introduced sin and only through christ is humanity saved

Question 9

Tenebroso

Answer 9

Dark style

Question 10

Half barrel vault

Answer 10

Barrel vault cut in half

Question 11

Early christian

plan and reconstruction drawing of old st peters basilica

Answer 11

Stood on the spot where peter was believed to be buried
enshrined second most hallowed site in christendom
based on roman basilica
Longitudinal plan gave unobstructed view of altar
Colonnaded courtyard recalled roman forums

Question 12

Atmospheric perspective

Answer 12

Illusion of distance by diminuation of color intensity

Question 13

Byzantine
Empress theodora and her attendants
Church of san vitale

Answer 13

Moves toward the apse
Theodora carries cup for wine while husband carries paten for bread
Definite architectural setting
Rank indicated by her place outside the church
Demonstrates power theodora held by being included at san vitale

Question 14

Naturalism

Answer 14

Based on close observation of nature

Question 15

Early christian

Oratory of galla placidia

Answer 15

Cruciform shaped structure with tower at crossing
Cross arms of unequal lengths with focus at square crossing
Tower represents earliest fusion of longitudinal and central plan
introduces building type that has long history in church architecture
Domed crossing

Question 16

Cruciform

Answer 16

Cross shaped

Question 17

Ambulatory

Answer 17

Semicircular aisle

Question 18

Rib vault

Answer 18

Intersection of two or three barrel vaults

Question 19

Renaissance
Double portrait of giovanni arnolfini and his wife
Jan van eyck

Answer 19

Verisimilitude
Convincing surface textures
Quality of light
Dog symbolizes fidelity
Marriage contract

Question 20

Baroque
Entombment of christ
Carvaggio

Answer 20

Tenebroso
No background so spotlight is more dramatic
Everything in foreground close to viewer
Cropped so we feel part of the composition
Diagonal lines create movement
Very realistic

Question 21

Early christian
Good shepherd lunette
Oratory of galla placidia

Answer 21

Deep blue background characteristic of early christian mosaics
Sheep are distributed evenly in groups of three
Loose informal arrangement
All forms have three dimensional bulk still deeply rooted in classical tradition

Question 22

Byzantine
Christ enthroned
Flanked by angels
Church of san vitale

Answer 22

Christ sits on orb of the world
Four rivers of paradise flow beneath
Extends martyr’s wreath to vitalis
Angel presents ecclesius with model of san vitale
Golden background characteristic of byzantine mosaics

Question 23

Nave

Answer 23

Central space of a church where worshippers gather

Question 24

Repoussé

Answer 24

Design hammered in from reverse side of surface

Question 25

Renaissance The ambassadors Hans holbein the younger

Answer 25

``` Depiction of renaissance men who stare back and acknowledge viewer Self awareness Emergence of emotion is modern Objects represent 7 liberal arts Studia humanitas Memento mori Dark side of renaissance Religious debate and discord shown with luthers hymn book and cross ```

Question 26

Strip buttress

Answer 26

Vertical embellishment that lends support to wall

Question 27

Byzantine Emperor justinian and his attendants Church of san vitale

Answer 27

Justinian stands at saviors right Both wear halos and purple 12 attendants equivalent to 12 apostles Underscores dual political and religious roles of emperor whose right to rule was not given Bishop only labeled figure, indicating importance Leader of each group indicated by feet placement Church/imperial powers balanced Emperor is eternal participant

Question 28

Renaissance David Michelangelo

Answer 28

Embodies antique ideal of athletic nude male Emotional power and concentrated gaze are entirely new David prepares himself psychologically Supremacy of right over might Symbol of florence

Question 29

Renaissance Christ giving the keys to st peter Perugino

Answer 29

Study in linear perspective Paving stones provide orthogonal and horizontal lines People/buildings become increasingly/logically smaller

Question 30

Relic

Answer 30

Part of deceased holy persons body, belonging of a deceased holy person, object of reverence

Question 31

Early medieval Crucifixion with angels and mourning figures Lindau gospels

Answer 31

Depicts youthful christ in early christian tradition Rendered in repoussé Personifications of sun and moon Four angels rendered in linear style

Question 32

Narthex

Answer 32

Porch

Question 33

Transverse arch

Answer 33

Supporting arch that runs side to side

Question 34

Apse

Answer 34

Semicircular recess typically on the eastern end of a church

Question 35

Reliquary

Answer 35

Container for relics

Question 36

Realism

Answer 36

Naturalistic mode of representation

Question 37

Pendentive

Answer 37

Triangular areas supporting dome

Question 38

Memento mori

Answer 38

Reminder of death

Question 39

Late medieval Virgin and child enthroned Cimabue

Answer 39

First artist to break away from italo-byzantine style New form of naturalism Byzantine features (gold background) Uses gold to enhance three dimensionality Constructs deeper space for figure to inhabit

Question 40

Romanesque | Church of saint vincenc

Answer 40

Example of first romanesque style Used strip buttresses to counter vault thrust Masonry strips continue up and over vault to form transverse arch Creates compound piers that divide nave into series of bays System of bay division became standard in romanesque architecture

Question 41

Verisimilitude

Answer 41

Remarkably lifelike

Question 42

Chiaroscuro

Answer 42

Treatment and use of light and dark

Question 43

Flying buttress

Answer 43

Arch that counters lateral thrust of vault by spanning gap over roofs of side aisles and external buttresses

Question 44

Transept

Answer 44

Space perpendicular to the nave

Question 45

Late medieval | Gero crucifix

Answer 45

Reliquary Different conception of christ from lindau gospels Instead of youthful christ triumphant over death we see his suffering Characterizes intense agony of middle ages Meant to inspire empathy

Question 46

Late medieval Virgin and child enthroned Giotto di bondone

Answer 46

Sometimes regarded as first renaissance painter Displaces byzantine style Naturalistic approach Scientific observation Replaces slender fragile mary with weighty figure Asserted body Figure has dimensionality

Question 47

Groin vault

Answer 47

Intersection of two barrel vaults

Question 48

Humanism

Answer 48

System of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine matters

Question 49

Central plan

Answer 49

Plan that is symmetrical in all directions

Question 50

Baroque David Gian lorenzo bernini

Answer 50

``` Reaches out into viewers space Not content to remain separate from us More real version of david Not meant merely for contemplation Reaction is in our body, not mind ```

Question 51

Gothic | Plan of the choir of saint denis

Answer 51

Birthplace of gothic architecture Retains romanesque pilgrimage features with radiating chapels Adds gothic features like pointed groin vaults and external buttressing Creates open flowing space enclosed by load bearing walls of colorful stained glass

Question 52

Romanesque Plan of cathedral of saint james Santiago de compostela

Answer 52

Pilgrimage plan accommodates crowds of pilgrims and allows easy movement to venerate relics Pilgrimage plan is model of functional planning and traffic control Aisled nave paired with aisled transepts and additional radiating chapels Entered through ends of transept rather than nave

Question 53

Romanesque Last judgement tympanum at autun Gislebertus

Answer 53

Dramatic vision of last judgement Christ presides over separation of blessed and damned One of most frightening depictions of weighing souls in art history Inspired terror

Question 54

Byzantine | Church of hagia sophia

Answer 54

Characteristic byzantine exterior Brick Dome appears to rest on halo Uses pendentives to transfer dome weight to piers and not walls Placement of circular dome over square base made possible union of longitudinal and central plans