Second Half of Book Flashcards
(94 cards)
human behaviour is motivated by what
basic psychological needs, which give rise to specific and socially contoured wants, which human beings translate into conscious and unconscious life goals
freud’s ultimate motives for humans were what
sex (eros) and aggression (thanatos)
Jung thought human motives were what (same as humanistic psychology view)
sex and aggressions could not be ignored but the most important motive across the life course is to develop or actualize the self, what Jung calls individuation. Each of us strives to become the authentic person were were uniquely designed to be
as motivated agents we are what
extraordinarily adept in working together to develop the most elaborate and sophisticated plans, programs, schemes, etc to accomplish our goals
why are we able to achieve goals
because we believe we can (it is in our innate power to do so) and the evolution of the PFC enables us to make more or less rational decisions an engage in all manner of plotting, scheming and planning–often in the company of other humans who think the same way
what do agents want
more than anything else to be agents
which is ironic became we have no choice when it comes to motivated agency. Human evolution has made us into these schemers and planners we cant be otherwise if we wanted to. As brainy eusocial creatures, we have to have a plan and we have to believe that the plan will work and the plan HAS to work, at least now and again
what is intrinsic motivation
the rewarding power of the activity is intrinsic to (inherent in) the activity itself. People who engage in intrinsically motivated behaviour do not need an outside reason for doing the behaviour, They do what they do because they like doing it, not because they will reeve an external reward down the road
psych research shows people who pursue ________ motivating goals in daily lives tend to enjoy especially high levels of happiness and well being
intrinsically motivated
what is extrinsic motivation
aimed at obtaining rewards from the environment or avoiding punishments.
why is it not good to only have extrinsic motivation
life may lose vitality and meaning if we come to believe that nearly everything we do is dictated by the bitch goddess of extrinsic motivation. Even if we enjoy success with our extrinsic goals, even if we obtain fame money and approval we have been craving, we may still feel unsatisfied
distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is what
the conceptual staring point of self-determination theory
what is self-determination theory
making sense of how motivated agent works.
includes intrinsic, controlled, amotivated
what is intrinsic behaviour
Intrinsically motivated behaviour is self determines in that the driving forces for the behaviour reside within the self rather than the external environment. When behaviour is fully self-determined, the motivated agent pursues a goal with’a full sense of choice, with the experience of doing what one wants, and without the feeling of coercion or compulsion’.
By contrast we tend to experience behaviour that is no intrinsically motivated as either controlled or motivated..
what is controlled behaviours
Conrolled behaviours occur when we meet the demands of an external force or an internalized force that was once external (e.g. harsh demands of the superego). Controlled behaviours may feel intentional in that we intend to do them but we still feel that we are doing them to satisfy an end that is external t the behaviour itself. Thus motivated agency is compromised somewhat
what is amotivated behaviour
unintentional and often disorganized because the person cannot exert choice or will.
self determination behaviour stems from what three basic psych needs
autonomy
competence
relatedness
explain the need for autonomy
involves agent’s desire to feel a sense of independence from external pressures. It is indeed the very need to feel that one is a free and autonomous agent
explain the need for competence
encompasses the agent’s striving to control the outcomes of events to experience a sense of mastery and effectiveness in dealing with the environment
explain the need for relatedness
encompasses the agent’s strivings to care for others, to feel what others are relating to the self in authentic and mutually supportive ways and to feel a satisfying coherent involvement in the social world more generally
intrinsically motivating activities often find their reinforcing sources where
in the three big needs of self determination theory
behaviours that stem from autonomy, competence and relatedness feel more rewarding
which of the three self determination theory behaviours is the most basic
autonomy
as you cannot effectively strive for mastery or love, but you can strive for agency (experiencing some rudimentary satisfaction of the need for autonomy is essential for agency striving– striving for anything, be it competence relatedness or becoming president)
becoming
what are the three especially important dimensions of the social environment for self-determination theory
autonomy support
structure
involvement
explain how a social environment can provide autonomy support
parent and teachers encouraging choice and innovation in behaviour
explain how a social environment can provide structure
for goal directed striving
highly structures environments provide clear guidelines about what kinds of behaviours lead to what kinds of outcomes, and they give the motivated agent explicit feedback regarding how well he or she is doing in achieving goals
