Second language

Question 1

The sound patterns of a language

Answer 1

phonology

Question 2

The sounds of a language

Answer 2

phonetics

Question 3

Rules of word-formation

Answer 3

morphology

Question 4

How words combine into phrases/sentences

Answer 4

syntax

Question 5

How to derive meaning from a sentence

Answer 5

semantics

Question 6

How to properly use language in context

Answer 6

pragmatics

Question 7

Lexical items

Answer 7

idioms, words, morphemes,

Question 8

‘Innateness Hypothesis’

Answer 8

argues that our ability to acquire (human) language is innate (genetically encoded).

Question 9

LanguageAcquisitionDevice(LAD)

Answer 9

is a theoretical component of the individual’s thought

Question 10

Universal Grammar (UG)

Answer 10

set of structural characteristics shared by all languages

Question 11

Economy of derivation

Answer 11

is a principle stating that movements (i.e., transformations) only occur in order to match interpretable features with uninterpretable features. An example of an interpretable feature is the plural inflection on regular English nouns, e.g., dogs.

Question 12

Economy of representation

Answer 12

is the principle that grammatical structures must exist for a purpose: the structure of a sentence should be no larger or more complex than required to satisfy constraints on grammaticality.

Question 13

bilingualism

Answer 13

Simultaneous acquisition of two languages from birth. This term is also used casually to refer to any strong proficiency in two languages, regardless of how it is attained.

Question 14

Grammatical competence

Answer 14

knowledge of phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics.

Question 15

Acquisition though interaction

Answer 15

The belief that children acquire a language via the interaction with other people.

Question 16

BABBLING

Answer 16

An early stage of language acquisition that infants go through from about 4 to 6 months of age.

Babbling may involve a wide range of speech sounds, though it typically consists of simple syllables (ex. ba and ma).

Question 17

CONDITIONED-RESPONSE LEARNING

Answer 17

A theory of learning associated with the psychological theory of behaviorism, which was applied to language acquisition by B.F. Skinner (1957).

According to behaviorism, language develops from adult reinforcement and shaping of the babbling of the infant, and subsequently like other learned behavior.

Question 18

INNATENESS

Answer 18

The idea that children are biologically predisposed to learn language, that they are born with knowledge of an abstract universal grammar that underlies the grammar of all human languages.

Question 19

IMITATION

Answer 19

A strategy for language acquisition.

Imitation is a common means by which children (and adults) learn many things, including aspects of language.

Children actively imitate the speech of those in their social environments, sometimes at inappropriate times, to the embarassment of their parents.

Question 20

ONE-WORD HOLOPHRASTIC STAGE

Answer 20

At around 12 to 18 months, children produce their first recognizable words.

These words occur alone, in single-unit utterances.

A one-word utterance can be given different intonation contours to express different speech acts. For example, falling intonation for a statement, rising for a question of request.

Question 21

two-word stage

Answer 21

Around 18 months, a child begins to put two words together in order to convey meaning, e.g. ‘mummy sit’.

Question 22

the main argument against the ‘imitation’ theory

Answer 22

Children do not suddenly produce grammatically complete Standard English sentences, instead, they build up their language gradually, refining their speech as they develop.

Question 23

What is a critical period?

Answer 23

The age at which a child will be most receptive to learn language (suggested by Lenneburg to be up to the age of 5).

Question 24

uniformly

Answer 24

uniform stages of acquisition uniform results

Question 25

Skinner( 1957)

Answer 25

argue that children learn language based on behaviorist reinforcement principles by associating words with meanings.

Question 26

Chomsky ( 1950)

Answer 26

argue that children will never acquire the tools needed for processing an infinite number of sentences if the language acquisition mechanism was dependent on language input alone.

Question 27

The learning theory of language acquisition

Answer 27

suggests that children learn a language much like they learn to tie their shoes or how to count; through repetition and reinforcement.

Question 28

The interactionist approach (sociocultural theory)

Answer 28

combines ideas from sociology and biology to explain how language is developed. According to this theory, children learn language out of a desire to communicate with the world around them.

Question 29

First 50 words

Answer 29

The first 50 words a child uses, usually nouns and verbs.

Question 30

Naming words.

Answer 30

Nouns used when beginning to talk, usually around one year.

Question 31

0-12 months.

Answer 31

Coos Gurgles. Uses m, n, t, d, b, p, y in babbling multiple syllables.

Question 32

1-1 1/2

Answer 32

Uses most vowels and consonants and initial consonants. deletion. Accurately imitates some words.

Question 33

1 1/2 - 2 years

Answer 33

Words increasing in frequency - jargon almost gone by 2 years. •Asks questions by raising intonation. •improvement in intelligibility - now approximately 65% intelligible by 2 years •appearance of words produced with CVC structure.

Question 34

What are speech sounds?

Answer 34

Combinations of consonants and vowels

Question 35

What is Language Input?

Answer 35

Linguistic environment of the child A child is going to mimics the words being used around them

Question 36

Noam Chomsky

Answer 36

proposed the theory of Universal Grammar:

Question 37

Morphemes

Answer 37

Morphemes are the smallest grammatical markers, or units, in language that alter words.

Question 38

SVO

Answer 38

Subject Verb Object structure -- “The teacher gave a lecture.”

Question 39

Noam Chomsky

Answer 39

believe that every child has a ‘language acquisition device’ or LAD

Question 40

Chomsky’s theory

Answer 40

applies to all languages as they all contain nouns, verbs, consonants and vowels and children appear to be ‘hard-wired’ to acquire the grammar.