SECOND LESSON

Question 1

This are naturally occurring, inorganic, solid element or
compound crystalline substance, has definite atomic structure and chemical composition.

Answer 1

MINERALS

Question 2

8 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

Answer 2

COLOR
LUSTER
FRACTURE
HARDNESS
STREAK
CLEAVAGE
TENACITY
SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Question 2

HOW CAN A MINERAL BE CLASSIFIED?

Answer 2

Geologists in the field often lack access to advanced lab techniques. Instead, they rely on properties that can be seen with the naked eye or measured using simple tools.

Question 3

is that seen on its surface by
the naked eye. It may depend on the impurities
present in light-coloured minerals, and one mineral
specimen may even show gradation of color or
different colors.

Answer 3

color

Question 3

color is usually
a _________rather than specific guide to which
mineral is present.

Answer 3

general

Question 4

LIST OF SOME COLORING ELEMENTS AND THE COLOR THEY PRODUCE IN AT LEAST ONE MINERAL:

Answer 4

COBALT: Produces the violet-red color in
erythrite, (Cobalt arsenic sulfide)
COPPER: Produces the azure blue color of
azurite, (copper carbonate hydroxide)

Question 5

Two general types of luster are designated as follows:

Answer 5

 METALLIC(SHINY)
 NONMETALLIC (DULL)

Question 5

Light is reflected from the surface of a mineral, the amount of light depending on physical qualities of the surface (such as its smoothness and transparency).

Answer 5

2. LUSTER

Question 6

looks fibrous. Ex. gypsum, serpentine, malachite.

Answer 6

5. Silky

Question 6

Non metallic lusters are referred to as :

Answer 6

1. Vitreous
2. Resinous
3. Pearly
4. Greasy
5. Silky
6. Adamantine

Question 6

looks resinous - examples: sphalerite, sulfur.

Answer 6

2. Resinous

Question 6

looks glassy - examples: clear quartz,
tourmaline

Answer 6

1. Vitreous

Question 7

iridescent pearl-like - example: apophyllite

Answer 7

3. Pearly

Question 8

appears to be covered with a thin layer of oil - example: nepheline.

Answer 8

4. Greasy

Question 9

brilliant luster like diamond

Answer 9

6. Adamantine

Question 10

If the mineral contains no planes of weakness, it will break along random directions called

Answer 10

3. FRACTURE

Question 11

KINDS OF FRACTURE

Answer 11

1. Conchoidal
2. Uneven or Irregular
3. Splintery
4. Hackly
5. Earthy
6. Subconchoidal

Question 11

defined as the appearance of its broken surface.

Answer 11

FRACTURE

Question 12

mohs scale

Answer 12

Diamond, 10;
Corundum, 9;
Topaz, 8;
Quartz, 7;
Orthoclase, 6;
Apatite, 5;
Fluorite, 4;
Calcite, 3;
Gypsum, 2;
and Talc, 1.

Question 12

a smoothly curved fracture that is familiar to people who have examined broken glass. Sometimes described as a clam-shell fracture. Quartz has this fracture type and almost all specimens that have been broken, demonstrate this fracture type
very well.

Answer 12

1. Conchoidal

Question 13

jagged fractures with sharp edges

Answer 13

4. Hackly

Question 13

rough irregular surfaces

Answer 13

2. Uneven or Irregular

Question 14

fracture type that occurs in fibrous or finely acicular minerals and in minerals that have a relatively stronger structure in one direction than the other two. Chrysotile serpentine is a typical mineral with splintery fracture and kyanite is an example of a non-fibrous mineral that has this fracture.

Answer 14

3. Splintery

Question 15

describes the reaction of a mineral to stress such as crushing, bending, breaking, or tearing. Certain minerals react differently to each type of stress.

Answer 15

4. TENACITY

Question 15

Similar to conchoidal, just not as curved, but still smooth. E.g. Andalusite

Answer 15

6. Subconchoidal

Question 16

a fracture that produces a texture similar to broken children's clay. It is found in minerals that are generally massive and loosely consolidated such as limonite.

Answer 16

5. Earthy

Question 17

is the characteristic that describes how the particles of a mineral hold together or resist separation

Answer 17

4. TENACITY

Question 18

DIFFERENT FORMS OF TENACITY

Answer 18

1. Brittle 2. Ductile 3. Elastic 4. Malleable: 5. Sectile:

Question 18

breaks or powders easily; for example, pyrite or marcasite.

Answer 18

1. Brittle

Question 19

can be drawn into a wire; for example, copper.

Answer 19

2. Ductile:

Question 20

bends and resumes its original position or shape when pressure is released; for example, biotite or muscovite.

Answer 20

3. Elastic

Question 20

can be hammered into thin plates or sheets; for example, gold or copper

Answer 20

4. Malleable:

Question 21

can be cut or shaved with a knife; for example, gypsum or galena.

Answer 21

5. Sectile:

Question 21

------------ of a mineral can be measured by its resistance to scratching or abrasion. Mohs scale is a set of 10 common minerals chosen for comparative hardness.

Answer 21

hardness (scratchability

Question 21

A mineral that naturally breaks into perfectly flat surfaces is exhibiting -----

Answer 21

Cleavage

Question 22

of a mineral is the color of the powder produced when the mineral is rubbed against an unglazed porcelain plate or other fine-grained, hard, abrasive surface. The color of a particular mineral may vary, but the streak is generally constant

Answer 22

6. STREAK

Question 22

is the tendency of a mineral to break along certain planes to make smooth surface

Answer 22

Cleavage

Question 23

A ______ represents a direction of weakness in the crystal lattice

Answer 23

Cleavage

Question 24

_____ surfaces can be distinguished by how they consistently reflect light, as if polished, smooth, and even

Answer 24

Cleavage

Question 24

of a mineral is its weight compared to the weight of an equal volume of water; thus, a mineral with a specific gravity of 4 is four times heavier than water.

Answer 24

The specific gravity (relative density)