Second Midterm

Question 1

Which of the following characteristics is true of all protists?

Answer 1

contain a nucleus

Question 2

Biologists suspect that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because

Answer 2

all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants) whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids

Question 3

A particular species of protist has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. How can you tell?

Answer 3

the chloroplasts have three or four membranes

Question 4

Biologists have long been aware that the defunct kingdom Protista is paraphyletic. Which of these statements is most consistent with this conclusion?

Answer 4

some protists, all animals, and all fungi share a protist common ancestor, but these organisms are currently assigned to three different kingdoms

Question 5

What does the presence of a coal mine in an area indicate about that region’s geologic history?

Answer 5

marsh or boggy habitats were once found there

Question 6

The phylogenetic tree supports which scientific understanding of evolution of green plants?

Answer 6

the transition from water to land occurred just once

Question 7

Biologists hypothesize that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit. Which of the following statements is part of the logic behind this theory?

Answer 7

to obtain water, early plants had to keep their tissues in direct contact with moist soil

Question 8

Artificial selection has produced a distinct set of changes that have been observed as wild forms of plants have been brought under cultivation. Which of the following represents an example of artificial selection?

Answer 8

diversification of the wild species Brassica oeracea into the domesticated varieties of cabbage-family plants

Question 9

Consider the following points (a) All excavates live in environments where oxygen is low, (b) All excavates lack mitochondria, and (c) All excavates have some mitochondrial genes. Based on this info which of the following is true of excavates?

Answer 9

Their ancestors had mitochondria but they were lost over time

Question 10

According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food?

Answer 10

the engulfed cell provided the host cell with ATP

Question 11

Sequence for alternation of generations

Answer 11

gametophyte, gamete, fusion, sporophyte, spore

Question 12

Encouraging the growth (via nutrient fertilization) of photosynthetic protists in marine environments may help reduce global warming because ___

Answer 12

photosynthetic protists fix atmospheric carbon dioxide, decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels

Question 13

Imagine that there are 25 different species of protists living in a tide pool. Some of these species reproduce both sexually and asexually, and some of them can reproduce only asexually. The pool gradually becomes infested with disease-causing viruses and bacteria. Which species are more likely to thrive in the changing environment?

Answer 13

the sexually reproducing species

Question 14

According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food?

Answer 14

the engulfed cell provided the host cell with ATP

Question 15

Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacteria?

Answer 15

chloroplast

Question 16

A snail-like, coiled, porous (test) of calcium carbonate is a characteristic of

Answer 16

foraminiferans

Question 17

Which of the following situations would be most favorable to the reestablishment of resident zoochlorellae, assuming compatible Chlorella are present in P. bursaria’s habitat?

Answer 17

abundan light, abundant bacterial prey

Question 18

Which of the following is most likely to lead to paralytic shellfish poisoning?

Answer 18

dinoflagellates

Question 19

According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats ___

Answer 19

in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil

Question 20

About 450 mya, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have ___

Answer 20

had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock

Question 21

What evidence do paleobotantists look for that indicated the movement of plants from water to land?

Answer 21

waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

Question 22

Which set contains the most closely related terms?

Answer 22

megasporangium, megaspore, egg, ovule

Question 23

Dicots

Answer 23

2 seed leaves, netlike veins, ring vascular bundle, taproot, multiples of 4 or 5

Question 24

Monocots

Answer 24

1 seed leaf, parallel veins, complex vascular bundles, fibrous roots, multiples of 3

Question 25

If a fern gametophyte has both male and female gametangia on the same plant, then it ___

Answer 25

belongs to a species that is homosporous

Question 26

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis?

Answer 26

haploid spores

Question 27

Arrange male pine tree structures from largest to smallest

Answer 27

sporophyte, pollen cone, microsporangia, microspores, pollen nuclei

Question 28

What is true about the genus Sphagnum?

Answer 28

it is an important carbon sink, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide

Question 29

The trees grew vigorously, produced healthy flowers in profusion but set no fruit. Consequently, what is the likely source of the problem?

Answer 29

pollination failure

Question 30

Why are mycorrhizal fungi superior to plants at acquiring mineral nutrition from the soil?

Answer 30

Hyphae are 100 to 1000 times smaller than plant roots. Fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules. Fungi can transport compounds through their mycelium from areas of surplus to areas of need (All of the above)

Question 31

Based on the idea that fungi have pores between their cell walls allowing cytoplasm to move from one end of the mycelium to the other, which of the following hypotheses is the most plausible?

Answer 31

Carbon could travel from one plant to another through a single mycorrhizal fungus

Question 32

Carbon 14 in birch and carbon 13 in Douglas. If sugars made by one plant can travel through a mycorrhizal fungus and be incorporated into the tissues of another plant then ___

Answer 32

Carbon 14 is found in the Douglas and carbon 13 in the birch

Question 33

Imagine that sexual reproduction could occur between hyphae that were the same mating type. How might this affect rates of evolution in fungi?

Answer 33

rates of evolution would be lower because genetic variation would be lower

Question 34

What would this mean for the evolution of fruiting bodies for the group Dikarya?

Answer 34

the group Dikarya has members that lost the trait of complex multicellular fruiting bodies

Question 35

Why are terrestrial fungal mycelia nearly always found within their food sources (underground, within wood, inside the bodies of dead organisms)?

Answer 35

their high surface area, which is so efficient for absorptive feeding, makes them prone to drying out

Question 36

Biologists once considered sponges to be colonies of single-celled protists because sponge cells are able to reaggregate after being dissociated. What evidence may have helped them to realize that sponges are actually animals and not colonial protists?

Answer 36

they have extracellular matrix surrounding their cells

Question 37

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition by ___

Answer 37

ingesting it

Question 38

What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates ___

Answer 38

have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue

Question 39

You have before you a living organism, which you examine carefully. Which of the following should convince you that the organism is an acoelomate?

Answer 39

Muscular activity of its digestive system distorts the body wall

Question 40

Biologists once hypothesized that animal limbs were not homologous. What changed their minds?

Answer 40

the discovery of the Dll gene is present and similarly expressed in a very wide variety of animals

Question 41

At which stage of a basidiomycete's life cycle would reproduction be halted if an enzyme that prevented the fusion of hyphae was introduced?

Answer 41

plasmogamy

Question 42

A cell has two haploid nuclei

Answer 42

dikaryotic

Question 43

Which of the following is an important role for fungi in the carbon cycle?

Answer 43

fungi help release fixed carbon back to the environment for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize

Question 44

Long, branching fungal filaments are called ___

Answer 44

hyphae

Question 45

What do biologists cite as the primary benefit of the evolution of a coelom in animals?

Answer 45

the hydrostatic skeleton, allowing greater range of motion

Question 46

Due to its unusual habitat (inside the digestive tracts of other animals), the tapeworm lacks

Answer 46

a mouth and a digestive tract

Question 47

An organism that exhibits cephalization probably also ___

Answer 47

is bilaterally symmetrical

Question 48

The digestive system of most animals is lined with cells through which nutrients are absorbed. What is the embryonic origin of these cells?

Answer 48

endoderm

Question 49

Most fish deposit fertilized eggs, but some sharks keep the fertilized egg inside the female until she gives birth to a relatively well-developed pup. These sharks would be characterized as ___

Answer 49

ovoviviparous

Question 50

What do sporophytes produce?

Answer 50

spores

Question 51

T or F: All gymnosperms produce seeds.

Answer 51

true

Question 52

T or F: Ferns are among the first vascular plants to evolve

Answer 52

true

Question 53

The term "alternation of generations" refers to

Answer 53

the cycling between multicellular haploid and diploid stages of life

Question 54

T or F: The haploid phase in animals only exists as a gamete (multicellularity), while the diploid phase is always a single cell phase

Answer 54

false

Question 55

In plants, a gametophyte ___

Answer 55

is always haploid, produces gametes, is always multicellular

Question 56

What is the endosperm in angiosperms?

Answer 56

a triploid tissue

Question 57

Stamenopiles consists of two common photosynthetic groups

Answer 57

Diatoms and Phaeophyta

Question 58

What is the evolutionary advantage of pollen?

Answer 58

fertilization does not require water

Question 59

Which of the following plant structures or processes was not an important adaptation specific to life on land?

Answer 59

photosynthesis

Question 60

Which of the following is an important role for fungi in the carbon cycle?

Answer 60

fungi release fixed carbon back to the environment for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize

Question 61

All fungi are

Answer 61

heterotrophic

Question 62

Based on the idea that fungi have pores between their cell walls, which allow cytoplasm to move from one end of the mycelium to the other, which of the following hypotheses is most plausible?

Answer 62

If a single mycorrhizal fungus formed symbiotic associations with more than one tree, carbon could travel from one plant to another.

Question 63

When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source thereafter?

Answer 63

fungal enzymes

Question 64

The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to ___

Answer 64

an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition

Question 65

Basidiomycetes are the only fungal group capable of synthesizing lignin peroxidase. What advantage does this group of fungi have over other fungi because of this ability?

Answer 65

this fungal group can break down the tough lignin, which cannot be harnessed for energy, to get to the more useful cellulose

Question 66

Some fungal species can kill herbivores while feeding off of sugars from its plant host. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host?

Answer 66

mutualistic

Question 67

What is the major difference between graph f and other plant species?

Answer 67

Bromus erectus is unaffected by AMF directly

Question 68

In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently ___

Answer 68

results in heterokaryotic cells

Question 69

To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island?

Answer 69

soredia

Question 70

Animal kingdom is ___

Answer 70

monophyletic

Question 71

The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have ___

Answer 71

radial symmetry

Question 72

Endoderm is where on an earthworm body plan as a drinking straw within a pipe

Answer 72

lining the straw

Question 73

What would you expect to happen if researchers supplied an enzyme that blocked the expression of the Dll gene?

Answer 73

the developing embryo would have no appendages

Question 74

Which of the following would you use to label the horizontal axis?

Answer 74

number of choanocytes per sponge

Question 75

Sponges are most accurately described as

Answer 75

suspension feeders

Question 76

What feature of cnidarians most likely evolved simultaneously with the evolution of toxins?

Answer 76

a slow-moving or sessile lifestyle in the adult

Question 77

A radially symmetrical animal that has two embryonic tissue layers is?

Answer 77

cnidaria

Question 78

Which characteristic is shared by cnidarians and flatworms?

Answer 78

digestive system with a single opening

Question 79

Studies fertilized eggs and find that the blastophore becomes the mouth. The embryo develops into a trochophore larva and eventually has a coelom.

Answer 79

mollusc

Question 80

The heartworms that can accumulate within the heart of dogs and other mammals have a pseudocoelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. To which phylum does the heartworm belong

Answer 80

nematoda

Question 81

Skeletal structures that are entirely or partly composed of calcium carbonate can be found in some members of the following

Answer 81

sponges, coral, molluscs, arthopods,

Question 82

An arthropod has all the following characteristics except A) protostome development. B) bilateral symmetry. C) a pseudocoelom. D) three embryonic germ layers. E) an open circulatory system.

Answer 82

C

Question 83

All of the following are characteristics of adult arthropods except A) an exoskeleton. B) hemolymph. C) jointed appendages. D) a heart. E) a coelom.

Answer 83

E

Question 84

Among the invertebrates, arthropods are unique in possessing A) a cuticle. B) a ventral nerve cord. C) open circulation. D) wings. E) segmented bodies.

Answer 84

D

Question 85

The presence or absence of mandibles can be used to distinguish between A) insects and centipedes. B) insects and crustaceans. C) insects and millipedes. D) insects and spiders. E) centipedes and millipedes.

Answer 85

D

Question 86

A shared derived characteristic for members of the arthropod subgroup that includes spiders would be the presence of A) chelicerae. B) an open circulatory system. C) an exoskeleton. D) a cuticle. E) a cephalothorax.

Answer 86

A

Question 87

You find a small animal with eight legs crawling up your bedroom wall. Closer examination will probably reveal that this animal has A) antennae. B) no antennae. C) chelicerae. D) A and C E) B and C

Answer 87

E

Question 88

Which of the following characteristics most likely explains why insects are so successful at dispersing to distant environments? A) hemocoel B) wings C) jointed appendages D) chewing mandibles E) internal fertilization

Answer 88

B

Question 89

A terrestrial animal species is discovered with the following larval characteristics: exoskeleton, tracheal system for gas exchange, and modified segmentation. A knowledgeable zoologist would predict that its adults probably also would have A) eight legs. B) two pairs of antennae. C) a sessile lifestyle. D) an open circulatory system. E) parapodia.

Answer 89

D

Question 90

Which of the following is a characteristic of adult echinoderms? A) secondary radial symmetry B) spiral cleavage during early embryonic development C) gastrovascular cavity D) exoskeleton E) a lophophore

Answer 90

A

Question 91

What is true of echinoderms? A) They have an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates. B) Tube feet provide motility in most species. C) They have a pseudocoelom. D) Only A and B are true. E) A, B, and C are true.

Answer 91

D

Question 92

All of the following animal groups include terrestrial life forms except A) Mollusca. B) Crustacea. C) Echinodermata. D) Arthropoda. E) Annelida.

Answer 92

C

Question 93

In a tide pool, a student encounters an organism with a hard outer covering that contains much calcium carbonate, an open circulatory system, and gills. The organism could potentially be a crab, a shrimp, a barnacle, or a bivalve. Which structure below would allow for the most certain identification? A) a mantle B) a heart C) a body cavity D) a lophophore E) eyes

Answer 93

A

Question 94

Protostomes that have an open circulatory system and an exoskeleton of chitin

Answer 94

arthropods

Question 95

protostomes with a unique drape of tissue that may secrete a shell

Answer 95

molluscs

Question 96

diploblastic phylum of aquatic predators

Answer 96

cnidaria

Question 97

deuterostomes that have an endoskeleton

Answer 97

enchinoderms

Question 98

protostomes that have a closed circulatory system and obvious segmentation

Answer 98

annelids