Second Part: Finals questions

Question 1

What is the primary purpose of respiration?

Answer 1

ventilation

Question 2

What is the physical aspect of respiration?

Answer 2

Gas exchange

Question 3

What is the chemical aspect of respiration?

Answer 3

food + O2 = H2O + CO2 + heat

Question 4

What are the two mechanical aspects of respiration? (2)

Answer 4

inhalation and exhalation

Question 5

What are the phases of speech production? (3)

Answer 5

Respiration (power supply)
Phonation (vibration from vocal folds)
Resonance (Filters)

Question 6

What is the kinetic theory of gases?

Answer 6

Molecules are constantly moving in random collision.

Question 7

What is Boyle’s Law?

Answer 7

If gas is kept at a constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional.
More volume = less pressure, less volume = more pressure

Question 8

Air flows from ______ pressure to ________ pressure.

Answer 8

Air flows from higher pressure to lower pressure

Question 9

Describe what occurs during inhalation.

Answer 9

The thoracic cavity increases in volume which leads to negative pressure.

Question 10

Describe what occurs during exhalation.

Answer 10

The thoracic cavity decreases in volume which leads to positive pressure.

Question 11

What is the purpose of the vocal tract related to air? (3)

Answer 11

To filter, moistens and warm the air

Question 12

What are the six components of the vocal tract?

Answer 12

1. Nasal cavity
2. Oral cavity
3. Pharynx (throat)
4. Larynx (voicebox)
5. Trachea (windpipe)
6. Bronchi

Question 13

What does the larynx do?

Answer 13

protects lower respiratory passages

Question 14

Alveoli facilitate the rapid exchange of __________________.

Answer 14

Alveoli facilitates the rapid exchange of O2 and CO2.

Question 15

What are the properties of alveoli? (2)

Answer 15

• Lung elasticity is collapsing force (some due to tissue resistance, most (2/3) due to surface tension)
• balanced by surfactant

Question 16

What is respiratory distress syndrome caused by?

Answer 16

a lack of surfactant in the lungs

Question 17

What are the components of a lung? (3

Answer 17

Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and blood vessels

Question 18

What are the three dimensions that the thoracic cavity increases in? (3)

Answer 18

1. Vertical (contraction of diaphragm)
2. Transverse (raising of curved ribs)
3. Anteroposterior (forward and upward movement of sternum)

Question 19

Muscles that lower ribs are:

Answer 19

Expiratory

Question 20

Muscles that raise ribs are:

Answer 20

Inspiratory

Question 21

What occurs during “bucket handle” rotation of the ribs?

Answer 21

Transverse increase

Question 22

What occurs during the “pump handle” rotation of the ribs?

Answer 22

Anteroposterior increase

Question 23

What is the pelvic girdle?

Answer 23

a basin-shaped structure that attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton

Question 24

What is the pectoral girdle? (2)

Answer 24

• clavicle and scapula
• provides attachment for the upper limbs of the torso

Question 25

What is the plurae?

Answer 25

The thin slippery serous membranes that form an envelope between the lung and the chest wall

Question 26

What is the parietal/costal pleura?

Answer 26

The membrane lining the thoracic cavity

Question 27

What is the visceral pleura?

Answer 27

Membrane surrounding the lungs

Question 28

What is intrapleural fluid?

Answer 28

Thin layer of polar fluid between layers of pleura

Question 29

True/False: Intrapleural pressure is always more than atmospheric pressure.

Answer 29

False. Intraplueral pressure is always less than atmospheric pressure.

Question 30

What is another word for intrapleural pressure?

Answer 30

Transpulmonary pressure

Question 31

What is another word for intrapleural pressure?

Answer 31

Transpulmonary pressure

Question 32

What is pleural linkage?

Answer 32

- Mechanism by which lungs "linked" to thoracic wall

Question 33

What does pleural linkage allow?

Answer 33

Allows movements of rib cage to be transmitted to lungs so that lungs can increase and decrease volume

Question 34

What is pleurisy (pleuritis)?

Answer 34

inflammation of the pleura

Question 35

What is a pneumothorax?

Answer 35

Accumulation of gas within pleural cavity resulting in a collapsed lung

Question 36

Intrapleural pressure is always __________________. (positive or negative)

Answer 36

Negative

Question 37

What do we use as our reference pressure? (0)

Answer 37

Air pressure

Question 38

What is alveolar pressure?

Answer 38

Pressure within the lungs

Question 39

What is subglottal pressure?

Answer 39

Pressure below the larynx

Question 40

True/False: Subglottal pressure is always the same as alveolar pressure.

Answer 40

True

Question 41

Describe the stages of breathing in and out. (9)

Answer 41

1. muscles contract 2. thoracic cavity increases volume 3. lungs expand—pleural linkage 4. negative pressure—Boyle's Law 5. air flows into lungs 6. muscles cease contracting. 7. thoracic cavity shrinks—elastic recoil 8. positive pressure—Boyle's Law 9. air exhaled

Question 42

When is alveolar pressure at 0?

Answer 42

At the beginning and end of inspiration and expiration

Question 43

What occurs to alveolar pressure during inspiration?

Answer 43

It drops

Question 44

The drop in alveolar pressure results in what?

Answer 44

Inward flow of air

Question 45

What occurs to alveolar pressure during exhalation?

Answer 45

It increases

Question 46

The increase of alveolar pressure results in what?

Answer 46

Outward flow of air

Question 47

When are expiratory factors passive?

Answer 47

In quiet breathing

Question 48

What is forced expiration? (2)

Answer 48

- Exhalation beyond passive expiration - Facilitated by contraction of abdominal muscles

Question 49

What is the diaphragm?

Answer 49

A musculotendinous septum that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen

Question 50

What may be the only muscle involved in quiet breathing?

Answer 50

The diaphragm

Question 51

What does surfactant do?

Answer 51

Lowers the surface tension/interfacial tension between blood and air in alveoli

Question 51

What does surfactant do?

Answer 51

Lowers the surface tension/interfacial tension between blood and air in alveoli