second round

Question 1

d. What is immune complex clearance?

Answer 1

a. Insoluable lattices of antigen Ab. That can form in tissues or in the blood

Question 2

e. What can immune complex clearance initiate?

Answer 2

a. Inflammation and immune complex diseases if they are not removed

Question 3

f. How can complement components clear immune complex?

Answer 3

a. High number of C3 can convert insoluble complex soluble
b. C4 and C3 in solubilized immune complex can bind to CR1 on the RBCs
i. Transports immune complex to phagocyte in the liver and spleen
ii. PHAGOCYTES have their own receptors for complement and Fc
1) Can remove the immune complex from the RBCs

Question 4

g. What is the MAC cascade?

Answer 4

a. Activated by C3
i. Initiates the activation of complement components C5-C9 through cascade reaction
ii. Creates huge ring shaped protein
1) Termed membrane attack complex
b. MAC with enzymatic activity forms a hole in the cell membrane of bacteria and kills the cell.

Question 5

h. What is the importance of complement inhibitors?

Answer 5

a. To prevent undeseriable complement activation, 8 exist.
b. Deficiency of these inhibitors can lead to illness
c. Herediatary illness of angrioedema deficiency of C1 inhibitors

Question 6

i. Complement deficiency is very common, T/F

Answer 6

a. False. Not common

b. Symtoms depend on site of the defect

Question 7

a. What are the three examples given of complement deficiencies?

Answer 7

a. Early lectin and classical pathways
i. Causes type III hypersensitivity
ii. Immune complex remains insoluable and would not be removed from the system
b. Can causes systemic Lups Erythemoatosus (SLE)
c. Low level C1, C2, C4 and C3 can causes recurrent bacterial infection (pyogenic bacteria)
d. Deficiency of MAC (C5-9) results in higher risk of NEISERRIA infection
i. Mostly neisseria gonorrhea and neisseria meningitides

Question 8

b. What is Major Histocompatibility complex? What is an aka?

Answer 8

a. A set of genes that code for human cell receptors
b. Gives rise to series of glycoprotiens (MHC antigens)
i. Found on all enucleated cells
c. Aka; HLA bc first found in human WBC

Question 9

c. Where are MHC genes located?

Answer 9

a. 6th chromosome
b. Clustered in a multigene cmplex of three subgroups
i. Class I, II, III

Question 10

d. What do class I MHC code for?

Answer 10

a. Code for markers that display unique characteristics of self and allow for recognition of self molecules and regulation of immune reactions

Question 11

e. What are class I MHC required for?

Answer 11

a. Tcells
i. Type A -
i. T-suppressor cell
ii. Type B
i. T-cytotoxic cell
iii. Type C
i. T-memory cell

Question 12

f. What do Class II MHC code for? located where?

Answer 12

a. Immune regulatory receptors
i. For that recognize and react with foreign Ag.
ii. Located on macrophages - B cells
iii. Involved in presenting Ag to T-helper cells during COOPERATIVE immune reactions

Question 13

g. What do Class III MHC code for?

Answer 13

a. Molecules for certain secreted complement such as C2 and C4

Question 14

h. What is a histocompatibility antigen?

Answer 14

a. Each individual human (though same species) has their own tissue Ag that are foreign to other humans

Question 15

i. What are Antigen presenting cells?

Answer 15

a. Macrophages, dendritic cells and Bcells

b. Display peptide-MHC complex for recognition to T lymphocyte cells

Question 16

a. What are the two pathways for antigen processing and presentation?

Answer 16

a. intracellular
i. Endogenous
i. 8-10 amino acids long and are derived from host or viral protiens
ii. Synthesized in cytosol
iii. Peptides presented on cell surface complex with class I MHC molecules
iv. Since all nucleated cells express MHC classs I
1) Al can act as APCs for proccessed endogenous antigens
ii. Exogenous
i. Exogenous antigen presented on cell surface
1) In the groove of MHC class II mol.
2) Peptides derived from protiens containing antigens that enter the cell by ENDOCYTOSIS

Question 17

b. What cell types can express MHC class II mol and act as APCs for exogenous and endogenous antigens?

Answer 17

a. B lymphocytes
b. Macrophages and monocytes
c. Langerhans cells
d. Some epithelial cells
e. Dendritic cells
i. Cells nucleated and express MHC class I and class II mol.

Question 18

c. What happens when T cells arrive on scene to assist macrophages in activating B cell and helper-T cells (T cell dependent antigen activation)

Answer 18

a. Bears a receptor that binds simultaneously with the class II MHC receptor on macrophage and with one site on the antigen
b. Identification occurs: IL-1 activates IL-2 , stimulates a general increase in the activity of committed B-cells and Tcells
i. IL- is Produced by macrophages

Question 19

d. Most b-cells reactions require helper Tcells and IL-2 , T/F

Answer 19

a. True

Question 20

e. What particulate antigens require a macrophage and T-helper cell to activate other lymphocytes?

Answer 20

a. Bacterial membranes

b. Viral particles

Question 21

f. What are soluble antigens?

Answer 21

a. Toxins and venoms through receptor mediated endocytosis will be internalized in Bcells and be presented as Bcell class II MHC protien

Question 22

g. B or T cells can function as it own APC:

Answer 22

a. Bcells can function as its own APC

b. Tcells cannot internalize antigens and cannot function as their own APCs

Question 23

h. What is the function of plasma cells?

Answer 23

a. To secrete antibodies with the same specificity as the original receptor
b. Plasma cells do not survive for a long time
c. Deteriorate after they synthesize antibodies

Question 24

i. What kind of immunity does antibody and memory Bcells generate?

Answer 24

a. Humoral immunity

Question 25

a. What does activated T cells lead to as a final cell?

Answer 25

a. Memory Tcells b. T-helper c. T-suppressor d. T-cytotoxic e. T-delayed hypersensitivity

Question 26

b. What kind of cell mediation does Tcells involve with?

Answer 26

a. Cell mediated immunity

Question 27

c. What are the phases of primary response?

Answer 27

a. Early Ab are IgM secreted by naïve plasma cells b. Later the class is switched to IgG c. Stages: a. Latent i. Lack of Ab against exposted Ag. (7-10 days) b. Exponential period i. Ab titer increase to certain plateau c. Steady period i. Ab titer remains constant for a short period of time when production and degredation of antibody is balanced d. Decline period i. Ab titer tapers off to low level over a few weeks or months

Question 28

d. What is the secondary response?

Answer 28

a. When immune system is exposed to same immunogen from primary response: a. latent i. Response fast within 2-3 days b. exponential i. Rate of Ab production, peak titer and length of Ab persistence are greatly increased over primary response ii. Rapiditiy and amplification seen in response are related to memory B-cells (IgG production) that were formed by primary response c. This memory effect forms that basis for vaccination

Question 29

e. What are the states of immunity?

Answer 29

a. Native a. Born with it. b. Acquired a. Acquired during life after birth (natural and artificial) c. Active a. Individual play a direct role in responding to the Ag d. Passive a. Immunity is transferred from one individual to another by transferring immune cells or serum from an immunized individiual to an un-immunized individual

Question 30

f. What is hypersensitivity?

Answer 30

a. Immune response to antigens may sometimes be excessive | b. Causing harm or inconvenience to the host

Question 31

g. In hypersensitivity, effector functions that are normally triggered by antigen and antigen receptors are themselves the cause of the disease or discomfort, T/F

Answer 31

a. true

Question 32

a. What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity?

Answer 32

a. Type 1 i. Allergic ii. IgE iii. Rapid, 2-30 min b. Type 2 i. Cytotoxic ii. IgG or IgM iii. Cytotoxic action by K-cells or activate complement cascade 1) Initiates destruction of the cells c. Type 3 i. Immune complex ii. IgG or IgM 1) Bind to Ag form a complex and accumulate in the circulation or tissue 2) Activate complement cascade 3) Granulocytes are attracted to site of activation a) Damage results from the release of lytic enzymes from their granules 4) Reaction occurs within hours of Ag exposure d. Type 4 i. Delayed cell mediated immunity(Tuberculin test reaction) ii. Ag sensitized T-cells release lymphokines 1) Induce inflammatory reactions, activate and attract macrophages a) Release mediators