Second Test Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Politics can be defined as what?
A
The competition and struggle for power
2
Q
Comparative politics can be defined as what?
A
The study and comparison of domestic politics across countries
3
Q
Comparative politics focuses on what?
A
the political institutions and structures of states
4
Q
Government can be defined as what?
A
The leadership or elite in charge of running the state
5
Q
What 2 advantages did the modern state have?
A
- States encourage economic development
- creation of domestic stability
6
Q
True or false: by 1500, states covered 20% of the globe
A
True
7
Q
What two countries controlled most of the Americas in the 17th and 18th century?
A
Spain and Portugal
8
Q
What groups expanded power into Asia during the same time?
A
The Dutch, French, and British
9
Q
True or False: Colonization state structure ends as soon as formal colonial rule ends
A
False
10
Q
What are 2 problems new states often face?
A
- Establishing sovereignty over places with diverse populations
- Establishing legitimacy
11
Q
Legitimacy relies on what?
A
Consent, not coercion
12
Q
According to German theorist Max Weber, legitimacy comes in how many forms?
A
3
13
Q
What is Traditional Legitimacy?
A
System built in history and continuity (long standing monarchy)
14
Q
What is charismatic legitimacy based on?
A
The power of ideas (Ghandi, Mandela)
15
Q
What is Rational-legal legitimacy based on?
A
system of laws and procedures that are highly institutionalized
16
Q
The world of modern states is built on what?
A
Rational-legal foundation
17
Q
Unitary states invest most political power at what level?
A
National level
18
Q
In territorial divisions within unitary states are less important in terms of what?
A
Political power
19
Q
Randomly applied rules, tax evasion, corruption, and rebel uprising are all characteristics of what?
A
Weak states
20
Q
What is a failed state?
A
When the structures of the state become so weak that they break down
21
Q
Some developing nations have been able to overcome what?
A
Chronic poverty and low productivity
22
Q
Name the tigers/dragons?
A
Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia
23
Q
A collection of third world countries called Group of 77, has how many countries?
A
Over 120
24
Q
Over 120 countries have appealed through the UN to demand a what?
A
A New International Economic Order
25
After the cold war, governments in Africa and Latin America have pursued more what?
Market Oriented Strategies of Development
26
In much of Latin America, dictatorships have been replaced by what?
Electoral governments
27
True or false: China maintains a relatively open market economy and a relatively closed political system
True
28
The Asian continent has been profoundly affected by what?
Western colonization
29
Which area spans 1/3 of the earth and contains 2/3 of the world's people?
Asia
30
What two great early civilizations originated in Asia?
Chinese and the Indus
31
What type of regime does Syria have?
One-Party
32
What type of regime does Iran?
Theocracy
33
What type of regime does Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Jordan have?
Feudal Monarchies
34
What type of regime does China have?
Communist
35
What type of regime does India and Israel have?
Multiparty democracy
36
What are the three great world religions contained in the middle east?
Christianity, Islam, Judaism
37
Much of the population in the middle easy is what?
Muslim
38
True or false: the middle east has managed to avoid influence from foreign invaders
False
39
What are the three ways the middle east has responded to the influences?
Acceptance, Assimilation, and rejection
40
Since the 19th century, what western institutions have impacted the middle east?
- Constitutionalism
- Parliamentary democracy
- Industrial Capitalism
- Concept of a nation state
41
The politics of the middle east are also influenced by what?
The Iranian Revolution of 1979
42
Conservative Arab leaders are seen as what?
Corrupt
43
Western Europeans are seen as what?
Neo-colonizers and exploiters of the third world
44
The foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran has a strong moralist tone based on what two things?
Shia beliefs and Persian Patriotism
45
Since the 20th century, Middle Eastern politics has been the dispute over the control of what?
Palestine
46
Armenian nationalists and Kurds also seek what?
Political independence
47
State formation in Taiwan and South Korea was facilitated by who?
The US
48
True or false: India has been able to maintain a strong democratic state
True
49
Pakistan has moved back and forth between rule from who?
Military government and civilian rule
50
Pakistan and India share the same colonial heritage, when did the violent partition causing separation happen?
1947
51
In its first decade of independence, Pakistan operated what kind of government?
A Westminster parliament
52
When did Pakistan's parliament structure fall?
1958
53
Democratic success in India has been attributed to what?
the consensual, tolerant, and accommodating political style
54
What does Gandhi's philosophy Satyagraha emphasize?
- tolerance
- non-violence
- peaceful resolution
55
True or false: Satyagraha quickly phased out of Indian culture once they established liberty
False
56
For many societies in Asia, the supremacy of who over who tends to challenge democracy?
The state over civil society
57
In Asia, the strongest states had the judiciaries and legal authority to protect what three things?
liberty, constitutionalism, and due process (India/Papua New Guinea)
58
What are the three most common characteristics of Latin American countries?
Language, culture, and historical backgrounds
59
Latin American countries have been referred to as what?
- Western
- Non-western
- Developing
- Third world
60
Venezuela and Mexico have large deposits of what?
Oil
61
What was the aim of revolutions in Latin America?
To alleviate poverty created by the system
62
Political culture in Latin America had been mainly what?
- Elitist
- Hierarchical
- Authoritarian
- Corporatist
- Patrimonial
63
Liberal, republican, egalitarian, secular, and socialist were all values present in Latin America during what time?
The 19th and 20th centuries
64
Social revolutions occurred in what four Latin American countries?
Argentina, Cuba, Chile, Nicaragua
65
In the early 1980's, Argentina, Brazil, Peru, and Uruguay all returned to what?
Elected governments
66
When did Chile return to elected government?
March, 1990
67
What country embraced some form of plural democracy?
Cuba
68
True or false: The US has had interest in Latin America since they became independent
True
69
US concern over Latin America lead ton what document in 1823?
The Monroe Doctrine
70
True or false: A US Ambassador in Latin America had little power
False
71
Latin American power has traditionally been secured in what branch of government?
The executive branch
72
Power of the Mexican president has been compared to what?
The Aztec Emperors
73
Where are the 4 federal systems in Latin America?
Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela
74
True or false: the federal government cannot intervene in the Latin American federal systems
False
75
What are the two main issues in emerging nations?
- the maintenance of stable governments
| - the establishment of a unified state
76
Costa Rica, China, Nigeria, Lebanon, El Salvador, Liberia, Sudan, and Syria have all experienced what?
Civil Wars
77
Over 2/3 of the nations in the developing world have had attempts to what?
Overthrow the government
78
Another challenge threatening developing nations is what?
Potential political integration
79
In the middle East, political tension has arisen between what such groups?
- Kurds
- Armenians
- Various Muslim Sects
80
In Africa, many states are affected by what?
Ethnic Strife
81
A lack of national identity in the third world manifests in groups that what?
Refuse to submit to the authority of the central government
82
Radical ethnic/religious groups insist on what?
Independence
83
To foster greater integration, governments in the third world have used what?
- National politics
- Patriotism
- Emphasis on national languages
- Education
84
Most African countries gained independence when?
within the last 4 to 5 decades
85
By 1980, what were the four main types of government in Africa?
- Single Party Regimes
- Military Regimes
- Monarchies
- Multiparty Democracies
86
Botswana, Mauritius, and Senegal became multiparty democracies in what year?
1978
87
What year did South Africa become a multiparty democracy?
1994
88
In the late 1980's/ early 90's, ordinary citizens began to do what?
Challenge dictatorships
89
Worsening political and economic conditions and political repression lead to what?
Revolt against dictators
90
Did full communism make it easier or harder to oppose one-party rule?
Easier
91
Many nations in sub-Saharan Africa now have what?
Elected governments
92
Some of the challenges in African politics include:
- Personal rule
- Political patronage
- Colonial legacy issues
- Military coups
93
Colonial regimes left in Africa did what?
Distort economies and make nations dependent
94
Governments in Africa placed emphasis on colonial structure, especially what?
The bureaucracies, army, and police
95
What caused poor communication between African governments and citizens?
Lack of political participation
96
In the 1960's, what emerged as a serious political issue in Africa?
Military rule
97
By 1989, most undemocratic regimes were what?
Openly challenged
98
Between 1990 and 2002, many dictators were what?
Removed from power
99
How were dictators removed from power in the DRC and Liberia?
Force
100
How were dictators removed from power in Nigeria (1999) and Kenya (2002)?
Peaceful elections
101
Fragile relations among various ethnic groups and may lead to what?
Civil war
102
Ethnic pluralism tends to complicate what?
Nation-building
103
How many languages and ethnic groups are in Africa?
1000 languages, 3000 ethnic groups
104
Political ethnicity is potentially prone to what?
Political and ethnic conflict
105
4 main levels of conflict
- elite conflict
- factional conflict
- Mass conflict (radical political change)
- Communal/ethnic conflict
106
When did Katanga attempt to secede?
1960-1963
107
When did Sudan have a secession?
1955-1956
108
When did South Sudan become a country?
July 9th, 2011
109
When did Biafra attempt to secede?
1967-1970
110
Angola, CAR, Chad, Ethiopia, Liberia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Uganda, Congo, and Zimbabwe have all had what?
Communal conflict
111
Quebec, Ireland, Former soviet union, Yugoslavia, Ukraine, Spain, and Switzerland are developed countries that have gone through what?
Political tensions
112
What are the two main approaches to diffusing ethnic tensions?
- Redistribution
| - Power Sharing
113
True or False: ethnic pluralism is not always destabilizing and can be coped with
True
114
What is the solution to structural reorganization?
federalism
115
What is devolution?
The decentralization of power
116
Ethnic cooperation in electoral coalitions is a solution to what?
Political conflict
117
Politics should be designed to encourage what?
Alignments and alliances that play down ethnicity
118
What is the normative method?
involves the intro of national symbols, values, and cultural orientations through education and language policies
119
What is the purpose of affirmative policies and actions?
To make programs and opportunities equally available to all
120
What is the party state?
The first phase in African politics; aim to create and maintain a new order
121
In the 1960's and 70's, African leader needed to develop their nations. What is this called?
(second phase) the development state
122
What is the efficient state?
During the 1980's and 90's, the aim of politics was to streamline efficiency (third phase)
123
In the early 1990's, political reform and the intro of democratic forms lead to what?
the democratic state (4th phase)
124
African societies rely on informal social support systems such as what?
- Extended family
- Neighbors
- Community at large
125
What is economy of affection?
An informal political economy based on personal relationships, rather than official party
126
Botswana, Mauritius Senegal, Swaziland, and Tanzania all have what?
Stable governments
127
Botswana, Mauritius Senegal, Swaziland, and Tanzania have never had what?
Military governments
128
Botswana, Mauritius Senegal, Nigeria, Zambia, Ghana, and South Africa have what?
Freely, democratically elected governments
