Secretory Functions of the GI System

Question 1

Two main types of protein secretions

Answer 1

Digestive Enzymes
Mucus (primarily for lubrication)

Question 2

Four types of Alimentary Tract Glands

Answer 2

Mucous Goblet Cells
Surface Pit Cells
Tubular Glands
Complex Glands

Question 3

Three things that activate the enteric nervous system

Answer 3

Tactile stimulation, chemical irritation, and distention of the wall of the gut

Question 4

When the myenteric and submucosal plexuses become activated, this causes ___

Answer 4

general increase in gastrointestinal activity, including secretions

Question 5

What does the Golgi do with protein enzymes and hormones for secretion?

Answer 5

The Golgi Apparatus refines the proteins and packages them into secretory vesicles.

Question 6

Two types of stimulation that trigger stimulation of the cell triggers exocytosis of the substance (secretion).

Answer 6

Neural or Hormonal stimulation

Question 7

Salivary secretions are a combination of these two types of protein secretions

Answer 7

Serous (containing Ptyalin, an Amylase) - Initiates starch digestion
Mucus (containing Mucin) - Lubrication and surface protectant

Question 8

As the salivary secretion moves through the gland, _____ are reabsorbed or secreted to create the optimal solution.

Answer 8

electrolytes

Question 9

Saliva production is regulated by the ______ nervous system

Answer 9

parasympathetic

Question 10

Two main types of stomach glands and their secretions

Answer 10

Gastric Glands, AKA Oxyntic Glands
Hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus.

Pyloric Glands
Secrete mucus and the important hormone Gastrin.

Question 11

The lining of the stomach secretes a protective mucus to prevent it being destroyed by the pH, which is between ___ and ___

Answer 11

1.0 and 2.5

Question 12

Gastric Glands in the stomach and what they secrete (SCEMP)

Answer 12

Surface Mucous cells - mucin
Chief Cells - Pepsinogen
Enterochomaffin-Like Cells - Histamine
Mucous neck cells - mucin
parietal cells - HCL

Question 13

These two secretions denature proteins

Answer 13

HCL and pepsinogen/pepsin

Question 14

Two functions of mucus secretions in stomach mucosa

Answer 14

Creates a protective Alkaline gel between mucosa and the strong acid inside the stomach.
Contributes to the lubrication of food for transportation.

Question 15

Which pump is used heavily in transporting H+ ions into the stomach

Answer 15

Hydrogen potassium pump

Question 16

______ and ______ stimulate parietal cells

Answer 16

Acetylcholine; Histamine from ECL cells

Question 17

_____ Stimulates ECL Cells

Answer 17

Gastrin

Question 18

Where are Gastrin “G” cells found?

Answer 18

Gastrin “G” Cells are found in the Pyloric glands in the Stomach, in the Duodenum, and in the Pancreas

Question 19

3 Stimulators of Gastrin

Answer 19

The presence of the products of protein digestion in the stomach.
Distention of the stomach.
Vagal nerve stimulation.

Question 20

Secretion of _____ will cause inhibition of Gastrin Cells

Answer 20

Secretion of Somatostatin from Delta “D” cells, activated by the presence of large amounts of H+.

Question 21

Pepsinogen is ______ in its secreted form

Answer 21

Inactive

Question 22

Pepsin is proteolytic, meaning that it ___

Answer 22

digests protein

Question 23

What is intrinsic factor?

Answer 23

A glycoprotein that is secreted by parietal cells that is required for the absorption of Vitamin B12.

Question 24

A vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to something called

Answer 24

Pernicious Anemia (macrocytic)

Question 25

Pancreatic juices flow through the pancreatic duct, then join with the common bile duct at the _____

Answer 25

Hepatopancreatic Ampulla (Ampulla of Vater)

Question 26

In addition to enzymes, the pancreas also secretes

Answer 26

large amounts of bicarbonate ions

Question 27

Types of pancreatic secretions and what they digest

Answer 27

Trypsin - Protein Digestion Pancreatic Amylase - Carbohydrate digestion Pancreatic Lipase, Cholesterol Esterase and phospholipase - Fat digestion

Question 28

The secretion of these various digestive enzymes is initiated by three important stimuli

Answer 28

Acetylcholine, Cholecystokinin, and Secretin.

Question 29

When food enters the duodenum, ____ and ____ are secreted

Answer 29

Cholecystokinin and Secretin

Question 30

Initially, the proteolytic enzymes (Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, and Carboxypolypeptidase) are in their inactive forms (ex: Trypsinogen), waiting to be activated by ____ in the small intestine

Answer 30

enterokinase

Question 31

cells in the Pancreatic Acini secrete the substance _____, which prevents activation of _____ inside the pancreas

Answer 31

Trypsin Inhibitor; Trypsinogen

Question 32

If the pancreas becomes damaged and Trypsin inhibitor becomes overwhelmed, this can lead to ______

Answer 32

Acute Pancreatitis

Question 33

Amylase or lipase levels at least ____ normal are generally considered diagnostic for acute pancreatitis.

Answer 33

3 times above

Question 34

Function of Bicarbonate in the pancreas

Answer 34

Bicarbonate makes pancreatic secretions alkali to neutralize the hydrochloric acid

Question 35

Cell type that secrete bile

Answer 35

Hepatocytes

Question 36

Bile serves two main functions:

Answer 36

Helps to emulsify, digest and absorb fats from the chyme. Serves as a way for the body to excrete waste products from the body, like Bilirubin and excess cholesterol.

Question 37

When Chyme (which contains fat and protein) reaches the Duodenum, _____ secrete Cholecystokinin (CCK).

Answer 37

duodenal epithelial cells

Question 38

Which substance leads to Gallbladder contraction, Sphincter of Oddi relaxation Bile and Pancreatic Juice delivery to duodenum

Answer 38

Cholecystokinin

Question 39

________ are large mucous glands located in the wall of the duodenum between the pylorus and the sphincter of Oddi

Answer 39

Brunner’s Glands

Question 40

Brunner’s Glands secrete alkaline mucus in order to ___________

Answer 40

protect the duodenal wall from the highly acidic gastric contents entering through the pyloric sphincter.

Question 41

The flow of electrolytes and water that provides a watery vehicle for the absorption of nutrients from the chyme happens here

Answer 41

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

Question 42

Secretion of mucus serves what functions in the Colon?

Answer 42

Protects against excoriation Provides adherent medium for holding fecal matter together Protects colonic wall from large amount of bacterial activity