Section 1 Flashcards by Jenny Hong

Positionality

your social and political status that defines your identity

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Indigenous people in Canada (2)

First inhabitants of canada
Specific rights based on their historical ties to particular territory, their cultural/historical distinctiveness from other populations

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3 universal stages of human evolution

Unilineal evolution

Savagery (hunting, gathering)
Barbarism (agriculture, pastoralism)
Civilization (ag tech, merchants)

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Flawed social theory

Shifting Cultivation

“slash and burn”
considered primitive

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European attitudes towards plow technology

digging sticks primitive
sustainable

plow vs. digging sticks

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Eurocentric bias

Doctrine of Discovery

Christianity
develop ‘vacant’ land

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political motivation

Terra Nullius

territory without master

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False Narrative

false stories
once in head hard to change

Terra Nullius

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When did Peopling of North America happen

When

15000 yrs ago

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Peopling of North America

How

Bering land bridge

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Peopling of North America

What were the two routes?

coastal route
ice-free corridor

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Peopling of North America

How did it influence the BC coast?

cultural diversity and complexity

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Human ecology

interaction between nature and humans through human’s exploitation of natural resources

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Subsistence

non-monetary exploitation of environmental resources through harvesting activities (hunting, gathering, fishing)

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Adaptation

exploiting natural resources of the given environment

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Stereotype of the Northern Plains subsistence

they only hunt bison

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Subsistence and Adaptation

Mixed economics

People of coasts not only fish but hunt and agriculture

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Attractors

learn

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Repellors

maladaptive behaviour

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TEK: Traditional Ecological Knowledge

cumulative and dynamic
passed through generations

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Domesticated landscapes (continuum of influence)

subtle manipulation (harvesting barks)
agronomic knowledge (Three sisters)
extensive/intensive management (using fire)

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Punctuated subsistence change

period of time that needs adaptation

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Paleoethnobotany

old / culture / plant

City of Cahokia

mecca of agriculture
1000 years ago
first city in Mexico
community-wide feasting
change of subsistence to maize
isotopic significance
turtle island move to cahokia
mound 51: persimmon mound

Culture area concept

antiquarianism anthropology

Antiquarianism

study of history through collection of objects

Anthropology

study of humans BIology Sociocultural LInguistics Archaeology

Archaeology

study of humans through material culture

Clark Wisler (1900s)

museum collection, by traits plain woodlands

Plains (3)

well stratified point sequence (discrete layers of soil) hunter-gatherer subsistence

Boreal (3)

poor point sequence not enough research done forager

Hunter

General Laws of Society (1960s) Ethnoarchaeology

Gatherer

Past Processual Archaeology (1980s)

Plain woodlands (3)

Missouri: bison, pottery Eastern Dakora: mixed economics, bell shape, bison scapula hoe Lockport site, red river: dam, trade

Plant cultivation (3)

long period of time direct observation seed keeper

Three sisters complex

beans: nitrogen fixation squash: no pests maize: allow bean to grow +sunflower: no pests/birds

Benefits of Mound (4)

more sunlight drainage (no frost) less weed large amount of crops

preparation and storage

underground storage understand weather (heat flat stone)

# Plant Cultivation Tenure system

permanent agriculture (20-25 yrs) privatised farm areas (against Terra Nullius)

Labour

women or slaves

Wild rice

manomin good seed 3 month seasonal TEK (elders)

Similarities between WIld Rice and Three SIsters

usufruct rights TEK

Process of Wild Rice

Binding Knocking (sustainable) Drying Parching (stir in iron pot) Hulling (remove shells) Winnowing (remove sheath by wind) S

Similarities between WIld Rice and Acorns

opportunistic not intensive management

CRK: Cutural Resource Keystones (7)

intensity naming region do not matter persistent throughout punctuated change narratives, symbolism no substitutes cultural identity

Indigenous Resource Management

paradigm deeply engaged in shaping and sustainably managing plants

Degrees of Management (3)

control and domination concentric base deep management

Deep Management

Nancy turner range of caretaking ~ intensive through oral story

Characteristics of Plant management in BC

create complexity in diversity organized, systematic, sustainable

Examples of Plant Management in BC (5)

Estuarine Salish Root gardens Salt Marsh Cross section Forest gardens Red and Yellow cedar Pyrotechnology

Estuarine Salish Root gardens

wapato subtle management

Salt Marsh Cross sections

wetland Edible Rhizomes subtle management

Forest gardens

intensive management

Yellow cedar

scarring = culturally modified trees subtle management

Pyrotechnology

low intensity small scale only top layer depend on season (predictability)