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Introduction to Psychology > Section 1 > Flashcards

Section 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientific study of behavior & mental process

A

Psychology

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2
Q

Anything you do

A

Behavior

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3
Q

A way to ask questions & find answers

A

Mental Process

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4
Q

Psychology ______________.

A

Emerged from philosophy & biology

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5
Q

Three levels of analysis (a.k.a Biopsychology)

A

Bio: Genes/genetic expression
Psycho: Individual differences based on learning, fears, personality, etc.
Social (Cultural): Effect of the social/setting/cultural makeup

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6
Q

Feeling as if you always knew the answer after finding out the answer.

A

Hindsight Bias

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7
Q

What are the three goals?

A

Describe behaviors
Predict behaviors
Explain cause of behaviors

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8
Q

More abstract

A

Conceptual

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9
Q

More Concrete

A

Operational

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10
Q

Types of descriptive methods

A

Case Study
Naturalistic Observation
Survey

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11
Q

Studies one person in depth to generalize others

A

Case Study

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12
Q

Watching and recording behaviors as they occur in habitat

A

Naturalistic Observation

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13
Q

Many people self report on their own attributes and behaviors

A

Survey

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14
Q

Systematically measuring relationship between two or more varriables

A

Correlation

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15
Q

Ranges from -1 to 1, and the closer to |1| the stronger

A

Correlation Coefficient

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16
Q

Types of correlation

A

Possitive
Negative
None

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17
Q

As one variable goes up the other goes up

A

Possitive Correlation

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18
Q

As one variable goes up the other goes down

A

Negative Correlation

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19
Q

No systematic relationship between variables

A

No Correlation (None)

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20
Q

Three possible correlation pathways

A

A causes B
B causes A
A and B are caused by C

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21
Q

Method where one variable is manipulated to see the effects on another

A

Experiment

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22
Q

Aspects of the experimental method

A

Independent Variable
Experimental Condition
Control Condition
Dependant Variable
Random Assignment

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23
Q

What the researcher changes or manipulates

A

Independent Variable (IV)

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24
Q

Where participants are exposed to the “treatment”

A

Experimental Condition

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Where participants are not exposed to the "treatment"
Control Condition
26
What is being measured, assesses possible changes based on the IV
Dependent Variable (DV)
27
How participants are distributed into groups
Random Assignment
28
The average of all observations
Mean
29
The central most observation
Median
30
The most common observation
Mode
31
What makes up the Central Tendency
Mean Median Mode
32
The difference between highest and lowest scores (subtraction)
Range
33
How far the scores vary from the mean
Standard Deviation
34
Variability
Range Standard Deviation
35
The amount of individual variability within a group due to genes
Heritability
36
Useful due to genetic and/or environmental similarities
Twin Studies
37
How do you see the effect of genes if environment is the same?
Compare identical and fraternal twins
38
How do you see the effect of environment keeping genes the same?
Compare identical twins and separated twins
39
Relatively stable pattern of emotional responding and intensity
Temperament
40
Every non-genetic influence starting at conseption
Enviroment
41
Enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people, and transmitted from one generation to the next.
Culture
42
An understood rule for accepted and expected behaviors
Norms
43
Priority given to our own goals (vs. group goals) and definition of the self in terms of personal attributes (vs. group memberships)
Individualism
44
Priority given to group goals (vs. personal goals) and definition of the self is in terms of group memberships (vs. personal attributes)
Collectivism
45
A set of societally agreed upon characteristics that are associated with categories of masculinity and feminity
Gender
46
The biological makeup of an organism
Sex
47
Expectations about the social position and activities of those who are masculine and femmine
Gender Roles
48
Articulates what "ought" to be
Prescriptive Gender Role
49
Describes how things are
Descriptive Gender Role
50
Our behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments, and is molded after others in our enviroment
Social Learning Theory
51
Gaining a traditionally gendered (masculine or femmine) role
Gender-typing
52
Studies the link between biology and behavior
Biological Psychology
53
Nerve cells that make up the nervous system
Neuron
54
Gives the brain information from body/world
Sensory
55
Helps us move
Motor
56
Messengers for the brain
Interneuron
57
Chemical messengers that go from one neuron to the next
Neurotransmitters
58
The body's communication network
Nervous System
59
Neurons must _______ before passing information
Reach Threshold
60
EXAMPLE: Sodium in/Potassium out
Sequential Depolarization
61
Incredibly small space between an Axon terminal and another neuron's dendrites
Synapse
62
_____ Sends info through the ______ via _______
Neurons Synaptic Gap Neurotransmitters
63
Neuron Demonstration
Dendrites receive a signal (takes on possitive charge (Depolarization)) Transmits information down the Axson/a positive charge charge is released in sequentially Neurotransmitters cross the synapse gap to beging process in another neuron
64
Brain and Spinal cord
Central Nervous System
65
Sensory and motor system in the rest of the body
Peripheral Nervous System
66
Somatic
Controls voluntary movements -Sensory and motor inputs
67
Automatic
Controls non-voluntary (or automatic) processes (eg. Digestions and reflexes) -Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
68
Arouses the body
Sympathetic
69
Calms the body
Parasympathetic
70
The Somatic and Automatic systems
Peripheral Nervous System
71
Lateralization
Brain controls opposite halves of the body
72
Old Brain
Reticular Formation Medulla Pons Cerebellum Thalamus
73
Bundle of neurons that help transmit info, and is involved in sleep and paying attention
Reticular Formation
74
Involved in breathing and heartbeat
Medulla
75
Involved in coordination of movement
Pons
76
Also known as "Little brain" Does many things including: Judging passage of time, aids in learning and memory, helps moderate emotions, and helps discriminate between sensory input
Cerebellum
77
Also known as the "Sensory Switchboard" Principally sensory, and relays sensory messages from the brain to the body (eg. Move your hand when you touch something hot)
Thalamus
78
Lobes and Areas
Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Occipital Lobe Broca's Area Wernicke's Area
79
Seat of Consciousness. Deals with logic and consequences. Doesn't fully mature until mid-20's
Frontal Lobe
80
Lobe involved in sensation
Parietal Lobe
81
Helps with hearing
Temporal Lobe
82
Almost exclusively about vision
Occipital Lobe
83
Production of speech/saying words
Broca's Area
84
Comprehension of speech
Wernicke's Area
85
The Cortex and Brain Functions
Primary Olfactory Cortex: Smell Primary Visual Cortex: Vision Primary Audio Cortex: Hearing Primary Gustatory Cortex: Taste Primary motor Cortex: Touch, but movement related Primary Somatosensory Cortex: Touch, but sensory related. Mostly associated with highly nerve dense areas (finger tips, lips, etc.)
86
Limbic System
Hypothalamus Hippocampus Amygdala Pituitary Gland
87
Linked to eating, drinking, and sex (rewards and punishments)
Hypothalamus
88
Memory
Hippocampus
89
Emotions and face regulation
Amygdala
90
Hormones (in charge of all glands)
Pituitary Gland
91
Ways to measure the brain
EEG (Electroencephalogram) MRI & fMRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
92
Measures electrical activity in the brain
EEG (Electroencephalogram)
93
Accurate for time, but not location (in humans)
EEG (Electroencephalogram)
94
Images of blood flow in brain
MRI & fMRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
95
Accurate for location, but not for time
MRI & fMRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Introduction to Psychology (2 decks)

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