Section 2

Question 1

A reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a non-judgemental and accepting manner

Answer 1

Mindfulness Meditation

Question 2

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

Answer 2

Learning

Question 3

A change in behavior caused by witnessing others’ performance

Answer 3

Observation Learning

Question 4

A change in behavior caused by linking two events together

Answer 4

Associative Learning

Question 5

Two types of Associative Learning

Answer 5

Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning

Question 6

Associating two stimuli to anticipate an event (today)

Answer 6

Classical Conditioning

Question 7

Associating our behavior to its consequences (Next time)

Answer 7

Operant Conditioning

Question 8

Learning by watching others and modeling, and is done by many animals

Answer 8

Observational Learning

Question 9

Mimicking a specific observed behavior

Answer 9

Modeling

Question 10

Neurons in the frontal lobe that are active when we do something, or see others do something. (Why yawning is contagious)

Answer 10

Mirror Neuron

Question 11

Associated with Albert Bandura

Answer 11

Social Learning Theory

Question 12

Learn via rewards/punishments, or observation

Answer 12

Social Learning Theory

Question 13

Social Learning Theory stages:

Answer 13

Acquisition: Learning the behavior
Attention: Pay attention to behaviors and consequences
Retain: Remember the behavior

Question 14

Formed when we repeat behaviors in a given context

Answer 14

Habits

Question 15

How do habits form?

Answer 15

Behavior becomes linked with context. Context evokes habit response.

Question 16

On average, behaviors become habitual after how many days?

Answer 16

66 days

Question 17

Naturally connecting events that occur in sequence

Answer 17

Association

Question 18

Any event or situation that evokes a response

Answer 18

Stimulus (or Stimuli)

Question 19

Automatic response to stimuli we don’t control

Answer 19

Respondent Behavior

Question 20

Repeating acts followed by good results, and avoiding acts followed by bad results

Answer 20

Operant Behavior

Question 21

Classical and Operant Conditioning often ________.

Answer 21

Occur together

Question 22

Acquiring mental information that guides our behavior

Answer 22

Cognitive Learning

Question 23

Pavlovian Conditioning is another name for _______.

Answer 23

Classical Conditioning

Question 24

The study of how organisms respond to stimuli in their environment. The idea that Psychology should be an objective science based on observable behavior without reference to mental processes.

Answer 24

Behaviorism

Question 25

In Classical Conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Answer 25

Neutral Stimuli (NS)

Question 26

In Classical Conditioning: A stimuli that naturally, and automatically, triggers an unconditioned response.

Answer 26

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Question 27

In Classical Conditioning: An unlearned, naturally occurring, response to an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 27

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Question 28

In Classical Conditioning: A learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

Answer 28

Conditioned Response

Question 29

In Classical Conditioning: An originally neutral stimuli that, after association with an unconditioned stimuli, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Answer 29

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 30

In Classical Conditioning: The initial learning, where the neutral stimulus is linked to an unconditional stimulus so the neutral stimulus begins to trigger the conditioned response

Answer 30

Acquisition

Question 31

In Operant Conditioning: The strengthening of a reinforced response.

Answer 31

Acquisition

Question 32

Biologically adaptive because it helps humans, and other animals, prepare for good and bad events

Answer 32

Classical Conditioning

Question 33

Helps animals survive and reproduce - by responding to cues that help gain food, avoid dangers, locate mates, and produce offspring

Answer 33

Conditioning

Question 34

When a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus

Answer 34

Higher-Order Conditioning (Second-Order Conditioning)

Question 35

Example: -A speaker plays noise before food is given to the cat. -The cat learns to associate the noise with food, and begins to go to the food bowl when it hears the noise. -A light turns on before the speaker plays the noise. -The cat begins to associate the light with the noise, and the noise with the food. -The cat starts to associate the light with food, even without the noise.

Answer 35

Higher-Order Conditioning (Second-Order Conditioning)

Question 36

The diminished response that occurs when the conditioned stimulus no longer signals an impending unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 36

Extinction

Question 37

The reappearance of a (weakened) conditional response after extinction.

Answer 37

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 38

Suggests extinction was suppressing conditioned response instead of eliminating it

Answer 38

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 39

The tendency to respond to a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

Answer 39

Generalization (Stimulus Generalization)

Question 40

In Classical Conditioning: The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimulus

Answer 40

Discrimination

Question 41

Virtually all living organisms learn through _________.

Answer 41

Classical Conditioning

Question 42

Pavlov showed us how a process, such as ______, can be studied ________.

Answer 42

Learning Objectively

Question 43

When we reward behaviors that are successfully closer to desired end behavior

Answer 43

Shaping

Question 44

Increasing behaviors by adding positive stimuli

Answer 44

Positive Reinforcement

Question 45

Increasing behaviors by removing negative stimuli

Answer 45

Negative Reinforcement

Question 46

Person associated with Operant Conditioning

Answer 46

Skinner

Question 47

Types of Reinforcement Timing

Answer 47

Immediate: Can work for humans and animals Delayed: Can work for humans, but not animals (paychecks, final grades)

Question 48

Types of Reinforcement Schedules

Answer 48

Continuous Reinforcement: Rewards appear every time behavior occurs Partial Reinforcement: Reward appears only sometimes when behavior occurs

Question 49

Learning occurs more quickly, but so does extinction

Answer 49

Continuous Reinforcement

Question 50

Learning occurs more slowly, but learned skills are much more resistant to extinction

Answer 50

Partial Reinforcement

Question 51

Types of Partial Reinforcement

Answer 51

Fixed Ratio Schedule Variable-Ratio Schedule Fixed Interval Schedule Variable-Interval Schedule

Question 52

Behavior is reinforced after a set number of responses

Answer 52

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Question 53

A rewards card where you get a free item after 10 purchases is an example of what?

Answer 53

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Question 54

Behavior is Reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses

Answer 54

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Question 55

Slot Machines are an example of what?

Answer 55

Variable-Ratio Schedule