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History Making of Modern Britain > Section 1- 1951-63 > Flashcards

Section 1- 1951-63 Flashcards

1
Q

Which report led to the creation of the NHS?

A

The Beveridge Report 1942

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2
Q

What were the 5 giants?

A

WANT: National Insurance​
DISEASE: comprehensive health service​
IGNORANCE: effective education system​
SQUALOR: slum clearance and rehousing​
IDLENESS: full employment​

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3
Q

How did the conservatives win in 1951?

A

the first past-the-post system with 321 seats

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4
Q

What health ailments did Churchill have?

A

a stroke in 1953- impaired his speech

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5
Q

when was the Mau Mau rebellion?

A

1952

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6
Q

what was Churchill’s relationship with the trade unions like?

A

avoided social and industrial conflict

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7
Q

who reorganised the party under Churchill?

A

Lord Woolton

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8
Q

When was the Britain’s first nuclear bomb?

A

1952

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9
Q

what were the wage rises between 1951 and 1961?

A

£8.30 in 1951 to £15.35 by 1961​

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10
Q

How many houses were built under Churchill

A

300,000- overseen by Macmillan

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11
Q

What acts were introduced in 1954?

A

Housing Repairs and Rents Act allowed for clearance and redevelopment of unfit accommodation
Mining and Quarries Act to secure the health and safety of miners​

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12
Q

what did labour do in 1957?

A

Bevan announced his opposition to unilateral nuclear disarmament – many Labour left-wingers joined the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND)​

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13
Q

when was the end of rationing?

A

1954

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14
Q

when was full employment achieved?

A

1955

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15
Q

when was the privatisation of the steel industry?

A

1953

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16
Q

when was churchill in power?

A

1951-55

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17
Q

when was eden in power?

A

1955-57

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18
Q

what was eden’s approval rating when he first became PM?

A

73%

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19
Q

what majority did eden win with?

A

345 to 277 Labour​

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20
Q

why did people doubt his ability to rule?

A

His lack of experience and knowledge in domestic and economic policy

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21
Q

what deficit did Eden inherit?

A

£450 million

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22
Q

When was the Suez Crisis?

A

1956

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23
Q

what was eden’s relationship with trade unions

A

seen as constantly trying to appease them- made him look weak

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24
Q

what type of conservative was Macmillan?

A

one-nation conservative

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25
Q

how many seats did macmillan win with in the 1959 election?

A

100 seats

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26
Q

what acts were introduced in 1956?

A

Clean Air Act of 1956 and the Housing and Factory Acts​

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27
Q

What acts were introduced in 1957?

A

Homicide Act of 1957 restricted usage of death penalty, whilst Wolfenden Commission of 1957 recommended that homosexuality not be illegal

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28
Q

What did Macmillan develop houses with?

A

a greenbelt which meant no surrounding factories

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29
Q

how much did average pay of workers increase by under macmillan?

A

20%

30
Q

by 1963 how much had unemployment rise by?

A

1 million

31
Q

what economic policy was used by the conservatives?

A

Keynesian policy

32
Q

who led the labour divisions?

A

Bevan (left) and Gaitskell (right)

33
Q

who became leader of labour in 1955?

A

Gaitskell

34
Q

what happened at the Scarborough conference of 1960?

A

Gaitskell lost vote but this was overturned a year later​

35
Q

who became leader of the party after Gaitskell in 1963?

A

Wilson

36
Q

when did britain first fail to join the EEC?

A

1963

37
Q

When was the ‘knight of long knives’?

A

1962

38
Q

When was the Profumo affair and who did it involve?

A

1963- John Profumo (conservative MP) was sleeping with Christine Keeler who was also sleeping with a soviet spy

39
Q

what was the spy scandal in 1961?

A

George Blake convicted of being a soviet spy

40
Q

What was the spy scandal in 1962?

A

John Vassall (civil servant) was passing secrets to the ussr via blackmail

41
Q

How much were tax cuts under Churchill?

A

Tax cuts of £134 million for the middle class in ‘give-away’ budget before the 1955 election​

42
Q

what had helped boost the international economy?

A

the Marshall Plan- british demand was high

43
Q

Eden and the Economy

A

Eden called the 1955 election as it was clear that the deflation measures were leading to increasing debt​

Butler had to introduce emergency measures in October, forced to reverse the ‘give-away’ budget, and was accused of electoral opportunism​

Eden understood that there were issues with inflation, but was distracted by Suez, which caused a run on the pound​

44
Q

Who was chancellor of the exchequer under Macmillan?

A

Thorneycroft

45
Q

what policy did Thorneycroft advocate for?

A

monetarist, limiting wages and cutting government expenditure

46
Q

(economy) what did macmillan aim to achieve?

A

full employment and high living standards, and was unwilling to sacrifice these to tackle inflation​

47
Q

what other policy did Macmillan use to control the economy?

A

‘stop-go’

‘Stop’ refers to increased taxation and interest rates in response to high prices and consumption​

‘Go’ refers to cutting taxes and lowering interest rates in response to a decline in production and exports​

48
Q

what happened to the economy after suez under eden?

A

run on the pound

49
Q

what was the expansionist budget 1961?

A

reversed shortly afterwards, with a pay pause and the government had to ask for a loan from the International Monetary Fund​

50
Q

what was the balance of payments deficit by 1964?

A

£800 million

51
Q

what did the 1963 breeching report recommend?

A

savings by cutting the rail network, leading to the loss of 30% of it​

52
Q

what was the fesitval of britian 1951?

A

national exhibition and fair

53
Q

what did weekly wages increase by?

A

average of £8.30 in 1951 increased to £15.35 in 1961), and private savings increased​

54
Q

rise of living standards

A

State subsidies continued to help farmers and food rationing ended in 1954​

Home and car ownership increased, but council houses and renters were still the majority​

More people could afford a middle-class lifestyle, with a period of conspicuous consumption​

55
Q

what was social class like in 1966?

A

67% classified themselves as working class, 29% as middle class, and 1% as upper class​

56
Q

by 1960 what was consumer goods like?

A

most people had a television, but working-class families (especially in the north) did not see significant changes in lifestyle: 4/5 had no car, 2/3 no washing machine, and 9/10 no refrigerator​

57
Q

what happened in the inaugural European Cup in 1955?

A

chelsea was banned by domestic authorities

58
Q

immigration and emigration

A

‘New Commonwealth’ immigrants began arriving in large numbers after Empire Windrush in 1948​

Numbers increased annually and by 1958 around 210000 Commonwealth immigrants had settled in Britain​

Emigrants outnumbered immigrants by 1.92 million to 1.25 million in the early 1960s

59
Q

relations with usa and ussr- churchill

A

Churchill positioned Britain as one of the ‘Big Three’ during the Second World War but US impatience soon became apparent – particularly between Churchill and Eisenhower at talks in Bermuda in 1953​

Churchill aimed to hold a conference to prevent the perceived threat of nuclear warfare, but Eden and the rest of government doubted his abilities – only occurred in Geneva in 1955​

60
Q

relations with usa and ussr- eden

A

Eden had some successes, particularly in South-East Asia and with West Germany, but he overestimated Britain’s global position, leading to the Suez Crisis

61
Q

relations with usa and ussr- macmillan

A

Macmillan’s main aim was to restore the Special Relationship , and he managed to foster a good rapport with both Eisenhower and Kennedy​

Macmillan’s ‘grand design’ was to become a leading figure in the EEC​

Made a visit to Moscow that was considered hugely successful for enhancing his role as a world statesman​

Advocated and achieved a summit conference in Paris 1960​

Convinced Kennedy to supply Polaris nuclear missiles to Britain, allowing it participate in the 1963 Test Ban Treaty

62
Q

when was the korean war?

A

1950-53

63
Q

the korean war

A

To secure the Special Relationship, Britain felt obliged to fight at the side of the US​

Military support, in the form of two brigades, was provided after the UN responded to North Korean aggression​

Defence spending rose from 8% to 14% of GNP in 1959, and by 1952 was 25.9% of total government expenditure, and National Service increased from 18 months to two years​

Armistice negotiations began in 1951 but did not finish until 27 July 1953

64
Q

when was the suez crisis?

A

1956

65
Q

causes of the suez crisis

A

Egyptians became increasingly hostile to British presence, and in October 1951 Egyptian PM Mustafa al-Nahhas announced the unilateral abrogation of the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, proclaiming a state of emergency and demanding that British forces immediately evacuate the Canal Zone

66
Q

what happened on the 25th January1952?

A

Churchill ordered Foreign Secretary Eden to maintain British presence, leading to numerous clashes, including a gun battle that left fifty killed and a hundred more injured​

67
Q

what happened to King Farouk (Suez Crisis)?

A

sacked all his ministers, but was then overthrown in July and replaced by nationalist Mohammed Neguib, who was replaced two years later by Gamel Abdel Nasser​

68
Q

what happened in February 1955(Suez Crisis)?

A

Nasser received Eden to discuss the significance of the Baghdad Pact as a ‘NATO for the Middle East’, but this was seen as a sign of further British control, and so Egypt declined in contrast with other Arab countries, leaving them sidelined​

Eden also refused to sell Nasser a consignment of armaments to fortify the Egyptian army, meaning that Nasser turned to Czechoslakia​

69
Q

what happened july 1956(Suez Crisis)?

A

Finally, on 19 and 20 July 1956 the American and British governments withdrew their $200 million funding for Nasser’s Aswan Dam

70
Q

economic effects of suez crisis?

A

Balance of payment deficit put sterling under increasing strain without US support​

£129 million lost from sterling accounts in August, and a further £85 million in October​

Eden believed that resolution of the crisis would also solve the economic issues, despite advice from his economic adviser

71
Q

end of the Suez Crisis

A

Macmillan phoned Washington on 6 November for assistance and was informed that if the government agreed to a ceasefire before midnight it could receive a loan from the IMF​

Both Macmillan and Lloyd advocated ending hostilities​

Eden telephoned Eisenhower to concede defeat, and received a hostile reception to this news in the Commons​

Britain was forced to completely leave Egypt in order to receive US financial support​

Eden, in ill health, left for Jamaica, increasing public hostility, and after a disastrous return resigned on 9 January 1957

72
Q

Trade unions provided most funding for parliamentary campaigns, but these were a diverse group- how much did they provide?

A

Transport and General Workers (1.3 million), Amalgamated Engineers (1 million), General and Municipal Workers (800’000), National Union of Mineworkers (586’000) / London Jewish Bakers (51), Wool Shear Workers (56), Spring Trap Makers (90)​

History Making of Modern Britain (6 decks)

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