section 1 Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
psychological definition of sound
A
auditory sensation of what you hear
2
Q
what is the opposite of absorbtion of sound
A
reflection of sound
3
Q
how many decibels is six bels
A
sixty
4
Q
if one hundred twenty five Hz is the fundamental then what is two hundred fifty Hz
A
the first overtone and the second harmonic
5
Q
what is a complex wave
A
combination of 2 or more sine waves
6
Q
concerning the propagation of sound, what is true
A
it is the disturbance that moves
7
Q
how many degrees are there in one cycle of a sine wave
A
three hundred sixty degrees
8
Q
the velocity/speed of sound is
A
is close to 1130 feet/second
9
Q
doppler effect
A
the apparent increase or decrease in the frequency of a sound due to the movement of either the source or the observer
10
Q
five hundred Hz sound
A
means that five hundred complete cycles occur in one second
11
Q
nodes
A
points of the vibrating system at which displacement remains zero
12
Q
antinodes
A
points at which vibration is greatest
13
Q
inertia
A
attribute of a mass to continue moving once set into motion
14
Q
elasticity
A
ability of a vibrating object to return to a starting state after it is deformed
15
Q
for vibration to occur, what must be present
A
medium, elasticity, inertia
16
Q
inverse square law
A
the law that describes the relationship between distance from the sound source and the intensity of the sound
17
Q
decibel
A
a ration between two physical measurements
18
Q
when a swinging pendulum is at its maximum positive acceleration, potential energy is
A
at maximum
19
Q
when a swinging pendulum is at its maximum kinetic energy, velocity is:
A
at maximum
20
Q
a 302 Hz and a 308 Hz tones are combined, what is the beat frequency
A
six Hz
21
Q
physical definition of a sound
A
disturbance in the medium
22
Q
WHat acts as the restoring force for spring mass system
A
elasticity
23
Q
what acts as the restoring force in a vibrating pendulum motion
A
gravity
24
Q
What are 3 main functions of the outer ear
A
sound transmission and enhancement
sound localiztion cues
middle ear protection
25
What are the 2 part of the ear that make up the ¨outer ear¨system
pinna
| external auditory meatus
26
What is another name for the ear canal
external auditory meatus
27
What is the range of audibility for an average human is
20 Hz to 20000Hz
28
A human can detect pitch chanes of ( ) Hz
3
29
How many different intensity levels can our ears detect
two hundred fifty
30
What is the pinna mainly made up of
fibrous cartilage
31
What does vestigal mean
the muscle does not move
32
What are the names of the bones that the auricle attaches to
zygomatic arch
| mastoid process
33
How does the auricle attach to the zygomatic arch
cartilaginous spine
34
How does the auricle attach to the mastoid process
connects to the temporal bone by a tail
35
The outer ( ) portion of the EAM is ( )
one third
| cartilage
36
The inner ( ) portion of the EAM is ( )
two thirds
| osseous or bony portion
37
What two glands contribute to the secretion of cerumen in the EAM
sebacious glands
| cerumen glands
38
What is the functions of the sebaceous gland
creates an oily substance that lubricates the ear canal
39
What is the function of the ceruminous gland
creates a wax like substance
40
What is the narrowing of the EAM called
isthmus
41
What is the pinna´s overall best resonant frequency
five thousand Hz
42
What is the EAM´s overall best resonant frequency is at
two thousand five hundredHz
43
The range of resonant frequencies for the outer ear are from ( ) to ( )
2000 Hz to 7000Hz
44
what is the head shadow effect
significant obstructionto the sound entering the ear, they are not equal frequencies because the longer waveshave a low frequencyand go around the head easier which makes them not affected, shorter waves have a high frequencyand are more affected
45
What is localization
process of determining the direction of an incoming sound
46
Anotia
congenital absence of the pinna
47
aural atresia
congenital absence of the EAM is called
48
Microtia
congenital abnormally small pinna
49
3 ossicles in the middle ear
malleus
incus
stapes
50
What is the superior wall of the tympanum is called:
tegmen tympani
51
THe chorda tyympani is a branch of the ( ) nerve
facial
52
a congenital abnormally narrow EAM is called:
aural stenosis
53
a congenital abnormally small pinna is called
microtia
54
a fungal growth in the EAM is called:
otomycosis
55
What are the three types of impedance
resistance
| mass and stiffness
56
what happens to your eardrum when the pressure drops
it is pushed outward
57
where is cerumen produced
outer portion of the EAM
58
What part of the skull are the parts of the ear located
temporal bone
59
elevation estimation
perosn's ability to determine if a sound is above or below them (verticle)
60
azimuth estimation
person's ability to determine if a sound is in front, behind or to the side of them (horizontal)
61
localization cues created by reflection and refraction of sound by the folds, cavities, and ridges of the outer ear are called:
monaural cues
62
Localization cues created by differences in sounds arriving at the right and left ear are:
binaural cues
63
2 types of sound absorption
internal absorprtion
| external absorption
64
When a swinging pendulum is at its max pos acceleration potential energy is at:
its maximum
65
what is the restoring force in a vibrating mass
elascticity
66
THe combination of two or more sine waves is what
complex wave
67
the frequency which an object vibrates at a max amplitude with the least amount of applied energy is called what
resonant frequency
68
what is noise
aperiodic
69
sound is
a longitudinal wave
70
if sound pressure is doubled the dB increases by:
six dB
71
what are nodes
points of vibrating system displacement remains at 0
72
when sound intensity is doubled how much do you add
3 dB IL
73
what is a wavelength and how do you find it
physical distance in space occupied by one period of a wave
74
what is the formula of frequency
number of cycles/ time in seconds
75
what is it called when the components of a complex waveform are whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency
harmonics
76
formula of for a period
time/ number of cycles
77
sound pressure vs sound intensity
sounds pressure is the pressure caused by the vibration of the sound source (force/area)
intensity is the amount of sound power that travel
78
what is the difference between absolute and relative difference
absolute difference tells us how much greater one measurement is that other while relative difference tells is how many TIMES greater one measurement is than other
79
what is the propogation of sound
disturbance that moves and not the medium
80
When a swinging pendulum is at its maximum positive acceleration, potential energy is at what?
maximum
81
when a swinging pendulum is at it maximum kinetic energy velocity is at what?
maximum
82
resonant
the frequency which an object vibrates at a maximum amplitude with the least amount of applied energy
83
what happens when 2 pure tones are 180 degrees out of phase
they will cancel each other out
84
wave where the particle displacement is perpendicular to the direction of the wave is termed:
transverse wave
85
a wave where the particle displacement is parallel to the direction of the wave travel is termed:
longitudinal
86
is noise aperiodic or periodic
aperiodic
87
what are the two types of sound absorption
internal absorption
| external absorption
88
what is the reflected sound energy within a closed space called
reverberation
89
Reverberation time measures the time it takes for a brief sound to decrease by how many dB
sixty dB
90
sound refraction
bending of sound waves when the sound enters a medium with a different density or stiffness
91
what is it called when sound waves bend around objects and through openings in boundaries
sound diffraction
92
how many dB are in 4 B
40 dB
93
sound intensity level doubles
add 3 dB
94
sound pressure doubles
add six dB
95
sound intensity times 10
add 10 dB
96
sound pressure times 10
add 20 dB
97
3 fundamental physical quantities and their units of measurement
length>meter
mass>kilogram
time>second
98
oscillation
back and forth motion
99
noise
considered aperiodic sound
100
what is it called when the components of a complex waveform are whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency
harmonics
101
what is the fundamental frequency also called
the first harmonic
102
how do you know if the vibration has a missing fundamental
the fundamental frequency is not equal to the frequency of its lowest component
103
what is the propagation of sound
process of conveying energy through space via wave motion (it is the disturbance that moves)
104
what law describes the relationship between distance from the sound source and intensity of the sound
inverse square law
105
acoustic shadow
area where sound waves do not enter
106
shift in frequency of a sound wave resulting from a fast movement of the sound source toward the listener. it is heard as an increase in frequency and then a decrease in frequency
doppler effect
107
what is constructive interference
when two or more waves are in phase and results in a wave with a larger amplitude that both waves
108
destructive interference
when two or more waves differ and results in a wave that is smaller in amplitude than at least one of the waves
109
absolute difference
tells us how much greater one measurement is than other
110
relative difference
how many times greater one measurement is than the other
111
standing wave
a type of wave that is stationary and does not propagate outward from space
112
Density of the radial and concentric fibers of the second layer of the TM is greatest at:
edges and center of TM
113
what is the smallest bone
stapes
114
where does the manubrium of the malleus attach to
TM
115
the tensor tympani muscle originates from the ( ) cranial nerve
fifth
116
the stapedius muscle originates from the ( ) cranial nerve
7th
117
the tensor tympani tendon enter the tympanum though the:
cochleariform process
118
each crista consists of a gelatinous mass called the:
otolithic membrane cupula
119
membrane that separates the scala vestibuli from the scala media
reissners membrane
120
membrane that separates the scala tympani from the scala media
basilar membrane
121
at the apex of the cochlea the basilar membrane is:
flaccid
122
at the base of the cochlea the basilar membrane is:
narrow
123
this cell supports the IHC of the cochlea
border cells of Held
124
Binaural localization cues are created by interaural differences in the ( ) and ( ) of sounds between ears
time and intensity
125
The pyramidal eminence is located on the ( ) wall of the tympanum
posterior
126
the portion of the tympanum where the head of the malleus and incus can be found is called the:
empitympanum
127
the tensor tympani tendon enters the tympanum through the:
cochleariform process
128
what are the 3 functions of the middle ear
transducer
pressure equalizer
inner ear protection
129
what are one of the limitations of the acoustic reflex
there is a latency before the muscles contract
130
because the umbo is displaced less than the rest of the tympanic membrane, an anatomic lever is created, this is called:
catenary lever
131
fungal growth in the EAM
otomycosis
132
localization cues created by reflection and refraction of sounds by the folds, cavities, and ridges of the outer ear are called
monaural cues
133
localization cues created by differences in sounds arriving at the right ear and left ear called:
binaural cues
134
what three properties affect the level sound pressure arriving at the entrance to the EAM
frequency
head shadow effect
angle of incidence
135
the fossa incudis is located in the tympanum on the ( ) wall
posterior
136
the stapes footplate is held in the oval window by a ring shaped ligament called the ( ) ligament
annular
137
the stapedius muscle originates from the ( ) cranial nerve
facial
138
what is the resonant frequency of the middle ear
800 to one thousand five hundred Hz
139
The outer ear resonances and middle ear impedence are matching work together to effectively transmit sounds between about:
two hundred fifty to 7000 Hz
140
2 main purposes of the inner system
transduce mechanical to electromechanical
| body position and movement
141
what two major cranial nerves does the internal auditory canal carry?
acoustic and facial
142
3 fluids in the inner ear
perilymph
endolymph
cortilymph
143
what is high in potassium (k) and low in sodium (na)
endolymph
144
the phalangeal processes help to form this upper portion of the hair cells in the organ of corti called the:
reticular lamina
145
OHCs make sound, these emmisions are used to test a newborn baby's hearing, these emissions are called:
otoacoustic emmisions
