Flashcards in Section 1 Deck (32):
1
Pharmacokinetics?
How the body affects a specific drug after administration
2
Pharmacodynamics?
What the drug does to the body and how it does it (mechanism of action)
3
Prophylaxis?
Agent given to prevent onset of disease
4
Drug tolerance?
Repeated use of the drug leads to a decrease in drug effect for same dose eg. opioid use
5
Drug dependence?
Enables day to day survival
6
Tachyphylaxis?
Diminished responsiveness following repeat dosing of the same drug concentration
7
Type A drug reaction:
Augmented, dose related
- Predictable, common
- Usually mild
- Exaggerated effect
- High morbidity, low mortality
- We understand the mechanism of action of the drug and how it can generate certain effects
8
Type B drug reaction:
Bizzare, non dose related
- Unpredictable, uncommon
- Increased severity
- High morbidity and mortality
Factors for risk include:
Variation in drug chemistry
Receptor abnormalities
Drug metabolism abnormalities
Drug-drug interactions
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Type C drug reaction:
Chronic, dose related and time related
- Consequence of long term use
- Tolerance, physical dependence
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Type D drug reaction:
Delayed, time related
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Type E drug reaction:
End of use, withdrawal
- Related to withdrawal of the drug
12
Type F drug reaction:
Failure, unexpected failure of therapy
- Eg inadequate dose
- May be lacking enzyme that is needed to convert drugs which can result in failure therapy
13
Adverse drug events:
Injury resulting from medical intervention related to a drug
- Occurs while taking the drug but may not be directly due to the drug
Eg. Infusion pump malfunction
14
Adverse effects:
Unwanted effect that results from a pathway other than the molecular target effect and may or may not be dose related (side effects)
15
Specificity:
How successful a drug is in interacting with only one molecular target having only one effect. No drugs currently lay claim to having complete specificity
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Selectivity:
Drug preferentially binds to one receptor over another
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Affinity:
Strength the reaction between a drug and its molecular target
18
Molecular targets:
Transporter proteins
Enzymes
Ion channels
Receptors
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Agonist:
Provides a functional response in the same way as the endogenous agonist
Determined by the role of the receptor
Partial agonist:
Produce less than maximal effect
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Antagonists:
Blockers
Bind but produce no functional response
(No efficacy)
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Competitive reversible antagonist:
- Compete for binding site
- Effect can be overcome by increasing concentration of the receptor agonist
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Competitive irreversible antagonist:
- Receptor becomes permanently blocked
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EC50:
Is the drug concentration at which the drug produces 50% of the maximal response
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Efficacy:
The ability of the drug to elicit a response once bound to the receptor
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Therapeutic index:
An indicator of drug dosing margin of safety
= Toxic dose divided by therapeutic dose
Low values indicate higher risk for adverse events
26
Ionisation of acids and bases:
- Un-ionised drug forms are lipid soluble meaning that they can diffuse across phospholipid cell membranes
- Ionised drug forms are lipid insoluble and do not diffuse readily across phospholipid cell membranes
WATER SOLUBLE DRUGS MEAN THEY CANNOT PASS THE MEMBRANE
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Remains ionised/unionised:
Acid in an acid environment remains unionised
Base in a acid environment becomes ionised
Base in a basic environment remains unionised
Acid in a basic environment becomes ionised
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Hypertrophy:
Muscles enlarge in response to exercise
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Atrophy:
Increasing age can cause shrinkage in organs and tissue
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Metaplasia:
One cell type being changed to another cell type
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Dysplasia:
Deranged growth
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