Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

GCSE PE AQA > Section 1 - Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Section 1 - Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

(58 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Name the functions of the skeletal system.

A

Support
shape
Protection (flat bones)
Movement
mineral storage
Blood cell production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the 4 types of bones.

A

(1) Long bones
(2) Short bones
(3) Irregular bones
(4) Flat bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give 2 examples of each type of bone.

A

FLAT:
Cranium
Sternum

SHORT:
Carpals
Tarsals

LONG:
Femur
Humerus

IRREGULAR:
Pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the 8 types of joint movement.

A

(1) Flexion
(2) Extension
(3) Adduction
(4) Abduction
(5) Rotation
(6) Circumduction
(7) Plantar-flexion
(8) Dorsi-flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name the types of joint and give an example.

A

Ball and socket:
Hip
Shoulder

Hinge:
Knee
Ankle
Elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the types of movement that occurs at a ball and socket joint.

A

Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the types of movement that occur at a hinge joint.

A

Flexion
Extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do ligaments attach ?

A

Bone to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do tendons attach ?

A

Muscle to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name the features in a synovial joint.

A

Joint capsule - held together by ligaments + encloses joint and supports it

Ligaments - hold the joint together

Cartilage - covers end of bones for friction free surface

Synovial membrane - releases synovial fluids to lubricate joint

Bursae - fluid filled sacs which reduce friction between bones/tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where can flexion/extension take place?

A

Shoulder
Elbow
Hip
Knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where can abduction/adduction take place?

A

Shoulder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where can rotation occur?

A

Shoulder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does planter flexion/ dorsi flexion occur?

A

Ankle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name major joints and there articulating bones :

A

Hip = Pelvis + Femur
Shoulder = Humerus + Scapula
Knee = Femur + tibia
Ankle = Tibia + fibula + talus
Elbow = Humerus + Radius + Ulna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are antagonistic muscles ?

A

Pairs of muscles that work against each other to produce movement. One relaxes (antagonist) and other contracts (agonist/ prime mover)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name all antagonistic muscle pairs.

A

KNEE:
flexion - hamstring = agnostic
quads = antagonist

extension - vice versa

ELBOW:
flexion - bicep = agonist
triceps = antagonist

extension - vice versa

HIP:
flexion - hip flexors = agonist
gluteus = antagonist

extension - vice versa

ANKLE:
plantar-flexion - gastrocnemius = agonist
tibialis anterior = antagonist

dorsi-flexion - vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the 4 types muscle contraction.

A

(1) Isometric contraction - muscle stays same length
(2) Isotonic contraction - muscle changes length
(3) Concentric contraction - muscles shortens, pulls on bone to produce movement e.g upward phase of bicep curl.
(4) Eccentric contraction - muscle lengthens, gives control of speed e.g. downward phase of bicep curl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

State the pathway of air.

A

Mouth/nose -> Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Lungs -> Alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Features that assist in gaseous exchange at the alveoli:

A

(1) Large surface area + moist thin walls (one cell thick) allows short diffusion distance
(2) Lots of capillaries = large blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the gaseous exchange movement that takes place at the alveoli?

A

DIFFUSION - Movement of gases from a high concentration to a low concentration (down concentration gradient)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a oxyhaemoglobin?

A

Where oxygen combines with Haemoglobin in the red blood cells.
Haemoglobin can also carry CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Structure of Arteries + function.

A

Carry blood AWAY from heart
All Arteries carry oxygentaed blood EXCEPT for the pulmonary artery
Thick, muscular (elastic) walls = carrying blood at high pressure
small lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Structure of Veins + function.

Study These Flashcards
A

Carry blood TOWARDS the heart
All Veins carry deoxygenated blood EXCEPT pulmonary veins
Thin walls = carry blood at low pressure
Large Lumen
Valves = stop blood flowing wrong way

25
Structure of Capillaries + function.
Carry blood through the body to exchange gases + nutrients with the body's tissues Very thin walls = substances can easily pass through narrow = lots of them can fit into the body's tissue Large surface area = gaseous exchange happens easily + blood flows through them slowly - giving more time for gaseous exchange.
26
Name and explain the two other types of blood vessels.
Arterioles (branch off arteries) = oxygenated blood flows through arteries into arterioles then into capillaries `Venules = After gases have been exchanged between the capillaries blood is transported into venules, where it flows back into the veins
27
what is vasodilation and vasoconstriction?
Vasodilation = blood vessels get wider, decreases blood pressure - happens during exercise Vasoconstriction = blood vessels constrict get narrower
28
State Pathway of blood.
RIGHT SIDE Deoxygenated blood into right Atrium from vena carva (vein) as heart relaxes (Diastole) Right Atrium contracts (systole) pushing blood through a valve into right Ventricle Right Ventricle contracts pushing blood through another valve into the Pulmonary Artery (carries deoxygenated blood to lungs) Gaseseous exchange occurs in lungs - blood is oxygenated LEFT SIDE Oxygenated blood enters left Atrium from pulmonary Vein as heart relaxes Left Atrium contracts, pushing blood through a valve into left Ventricle Left Ventricle contracts, pushing blood through another valve to aorta (artery) (transports oxygentated blood to rest of body + muscles) When the muscles have used the oxygen in the blood it becomes deoxygenated again.
29
State and explain what diastole and systole + what is one cardiac cycle.
DIASTOLE = heart relaxes + fills SYSTOLE = contracts + pumps blood out (ejection) Both sides of the heart relax and contract at the same time ONE CARDIAC CYCLE = a phase of diastole + systole - 'one heartbeat'
30
What is the function of valves?
Valves OPEN due to pressure and let blood fill the heart chamber valves CLOSE to prevent backflow
31
What is the calculation for cardiac output?
Heart rate x Stroke volume
32
Definition of Heart rate.
Number of times your heart beats per minute
33
Definition of stroke volume.
Amount of blood each ventricle pumps with each contraction/ heartbeat
34
Definition of Cardiac Output.
Volume of blood pumped be a ventricle per minute
35
What happens to your heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output during and after exercise?
increases - will stay high after exercise until any oxygen debt is paid off
36
What happens to your blood pressure during exercise (Systolic + Diastolic)
SYSTOLIC = Increases DIASTOLIC = doesn't change much (blood pressure when heart is relaxed)
37
What is anticipatory rise + where will it be found on a heart rate graph?
Just before you start exercising heart rate increases – person starts to think about taking part in exercise
38
Explain Inspiration (at rest).
INSPIRATION = Diaphragm + intercostal muscles contract to move ribcage upwards and expand chest cavity. Decreasing air pressure in the lungs, drawing air in.
39
Explain Expiration (at rest)
EXPIRATION = Diaphragm + intercostals relax moving ribcage down and shrinking chest cavity. Increases air pressure in the lungs, forcing air out of lungs.
40
What muscles are used for Inspiration during exercise + why?
- Pectorals - Sternocleidomastoid Expand lungs more to let extra air in = more oxygen taken in and transferred to blood = helps meet increased demand for oxygen in muscles during exercise.
41
What muscles are used for Expiration during exercise + why?
- Abdominal muscles Pull ribcage down and shrink chest cavity quicker so you breathe out faster. Helps you breathe out the extra carbon dioxide produced during aerobic respiration = can do exercise for longer.
42
What causes Inhalation + Exhalation?
Changes in air pressure.
43
What is tidal volume ?
The amount of air you breathe in or out during one breath. It increases during exercise as you take deeper breaths.
44
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume? What happens to it during excercise?
Maximum amount of additional air that can be taken into the lungs after a normal breath. Decreases during exercise due to breathing in more air so you cant breathe in as much extra air.
45
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume? What happens to it during exercise?
Maximum amount of additional air that can be forced out of the lungs after a normal breath. Decreases during exercise due to breathing out more air than normal so you can't breathe out as much extra air.
46
What is Residual Volume? What happens during exercise?
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum forceful expiration. Stays same during exercise
47
What happens to Tidal volume and Breathing rate during Exercise?
Increases
48
What is a spirometer ?
Measures the volume of air moving in and out of someone’s lungs.
49
What is aerobic exercise and the equation ?
Exercise with oxygen Glucose + Oxygen —> CO2 + Water + Energy
50
What is anaerobic activity and it’s equation ?
Exercise without oxygen Glucose —> lactic acid + energy
51
Name a sporting example that uses aerobic respiration.
Marathon runner Exercising long periods of time however not too fast but steady.
52
Name a sporting example that uses anaerobic respiration.
Sprinter Exercise is short duration but high intensity
53
Definition of EPOC.
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)/oxygen debt as the result of muscles respiring anaerobically during vigorous exercise and producing lactic acid.
54
How does a performer repay the oxygen debt?
Requires a maintained increased breathing rate after exercise.
55
What are the Immediate Effects of Exercise (during exercise) ?
- Hot/ sweaty/ red skin - Increase in depth + frequency of breathing - Increased heart rate
56
What are the Short Term Effects of Exercise (24 to 36 hours after exercise) ?
- Tiredness + fatigue - Light headedness - Nausea - Aching / Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS) / Cramp
57
What are the Long Term Effects of Exercise (months and years of exercising) ?
- Body shape may change - Improvements in specific COF - Build muscle strength (Muscular Hypertrophy) - Improve suppleness - Improve stamina - Increase in the size of the heat (Cardiac Hypertrophy) -Lower resting heart rate (Bradycardia)
58
Suggest different recovery processes from vigorous exersice.
* COOL DOWN – maintain elevated breathing rate/heart rate (blood flow), stretching, removal of lactic acid * MANIPULATION OF DIET – rehydration, carbohydrates for energy * ICE BATHS / MASSAGE – prevention of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).

GCSE PE AQA (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions