Section 1 - Chapter 6 Flashcards
Economic and Social Developments
What system was abolished under von Reutern’s reforms?
Tax-farming was abolished.
Tax-farming was replaced with a reformed tax system that included more indirect taxation.
What new financial institutions were established during von Reutern’s reforms?
A state bank in 1860, municipal banks in 1862, and a savings bank in 1869.
These institutions were aimed at extending banks and credit facilities.
What action was taken to promote trade during von Reutern’s reforms?
Import duties were reduced from 1863.
This reduction was part of efforts to stimulate trade.
What kind of support did the government provide to private entrepreneurs?
Government subsidies were offered to develop railways.
This aimed to enhance infrastructure and promote economic growth.
What legislation was introduced to stimulate investment?
New legislation regulated joint-stock companies.
This regulation aimed to create a more favorable environment for investments.
In which industries did the government offer support for development?
The cotton industry and mining in the Donets Coalfield.
These sectors were targeted for economic advancement.
What was the average annual growth rate during von Reutern’s reforms?
6%.
This growth rate indicates a period of economic improvement.
Where did oil extraction begin during this period?
In Baku.
Baku became a significant site for oil production.
What percentage of government expenditure went to debt repayment during von Reutern’s time in office?
One third.
This high percentage indicates the financial strain on the government.
Where did most of government revenue come from under von Reutern?
66% of government revenue came from indirect taxation.
This reliance on indirect taxation kept the peasantry poor and limited the domestic market.
What was introduced in 1887 when Ivan Vyshnegradsky came into office?
A prohibitive import tariff of 30% on raw materials
This tariff aimed to protect domestic industries.
Which country did Ivan Vyshnegradsky negotiate loans from in 1888?
France
These loans were critical for financing economic projects.
What type of taxes did Ivan Vyshnegradsky increase?
Indirect taxes
These taxes were aimed at raising government revenue.
By what percentage did grain exports increase between 1881 and 1891?
18%
This increase significantly impacted the domestic grain supply.
What major consequence did the grain exports under Vyshnegradsky lead to?
The Great Famine of 1891-1892
Over 350,000 people died from starvation or disease due to grain shortages.
What policies did Sergei Witte continue from his predecessor?
Protective tariffs and heavy taxation
These policies were designed to protect and fund industrial growth.
In which sectors did Sergei Witte place much investment?
- Mining
- Metal trades
- Oil
- Banking
These sectors were crucial for industrial development.
From which countries did Sergei Witte encourage the influx of engineers, managers, and workers?
- France
- Belgium
- Germany
- Britain
- Sweden
This collaboration was essential for overseeing industrial developments.
What significant infrastructure expanded greatly due to the help of foreign powers during Witte’s term?
Russia’s railway network
The expansion facilitated transportation and trade.
By what position did Russia rise in the league table of industrialised nations by 1897?
4th largest industrial economy
This ranking reflects significant industrial growth during Witte’s leadership.
What was the bulk of Russia’s exports during Witte’s tenure?
Grain
Grain continued to be a major export commodity, despite industrial growth.
What hindered the mobility of the labor force in Russia’s agriculture?
Serfs were bound to the Mir.
What was a significant barrier for serfs in transitioning to urban areas?
Serfs were illiterate and unable to trade and create growth in the economy.
Why didn’t serfs want to leave rural areas?
They relied on self-sufficiency and wages to buy food.
