Section 1- Evolution of Biomechanics

Question 1

Who was the father of chiropractics

Answer 1

DD Palmer

Question 2

What year was chiropractic emerge?

Answer 2

1895

Question 3

How did DD Palmar define subluxation?

Answer 3

a vertebra that is out of normal anatomical relationship with another vertebra

Question 4

What were the three main ideas that DD believed in?

Answer 4

1) Subluxation effects the nerve and nerve transmission
2) Subluxation are the cause of the disease in the body
3) The body has the innate ability to heal itself

Question 5

Define Vitalism

Answer 5

Biological activity is controlled by a vital force or life principle that cannot be tested. In chiropractic, is was called innate.

Question 6

Who were the early proponents of vitalism?

Answer 6

BJ palmer, and Ralph Stephenson (1927)

Question 7

Define monocausal theory of disease

Answer 7

Subluxation are the causes of ALL disease.

Question 8

Define Innate Intelligence

Answer 8

Innate intelligence is the ability for the body to “fix” itself

Question 9

What is the garden hose theory?

Answer 9

subluxations are similar to compressions of nerve roots so when nerve supply becomes interrupted to a certain area, it causes disease

Question 10

Define Mechansim.

Answer 10

It is more scientific, Biological activities can be explained by physical and chemical laws/princicples

Question 11

Define straight chiropractors

Answer 11

Focus on the spine and exclude ancillary therapies. Tendency to believe in subluxation is the cause of all disease

Question 12

Define mixer chiropractors

Answer 12

treat both spine and extremities. with full use of ancillary therapies.

Question 13

Mixers/Straight. ISA is ____ and AMA is _____.

Answer 13

Straight/mixers

Question 14

What are technique systems? And how are originated?

Answer 14

Step by step protocol for diagnosing and treating patients, often orginate from personal clinical experience and have a “cookbook” methodology to development

Question 15

Name some prominent techinque systems

Answer 15

Gonstead, Activator, Thompson(droptables), Chiropractor biopphysics (CBP), Logan, NUCCA, AK, SacroOccipital

Question 16

Define Biomechanics

Answer 16

The science concered with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces. Can be used to explain joint dysfunction.

Question 17

Define Kinesiology

Answer 17

The science of human movement

Question 18

Define the Static Model of the biomechanical approach to joint assesment

Answer 18

“bone out of place”. Changes in the bone create changes in the mechanical function of a joint and the neurological function

Question 19

What are the diagnostic entities in the static model?

Answer 19

Subluxation (chiro def: anatomic relationship, ortho def: partial/incomplete dislocation). 2) Misalignment 3) Malposition

Question 20

What are the diagnoistic tools for the static model?

Answer 20

Static palpation, xrays, posture evaluation

Question 21

What is the basis for the static model correcting a condition?

Answer 21

Straight spine is a healthy spine, and the structure determines function, in that the way vertebra stack up will determine how the spine functions

Question 22

What the limitations to the static model?

Answer 22

1) Anatomically different bones accidently thought of as subluxations
2) Vertebra can appear to the properly aligned but are not
3) vertebral segament could be compensating for other things (short leg etc)
4) posture, hand dominance/other asymmetries overlooked..miss the real problem!

Question 23

What are the advantages of the static model?

Answer 23

1) can be used if the hurt limb is too painful to move, 2) can be used to fix areas where motion is limited 3) concepts easily understood by the patient

Question 24

Define the dynamic model

Answer 24

loss of motion, functional emphasis (soft tissue model).

Question 25

What is the hypothesis for the dynamic model?

Answer 25

alterations in the motion happen between adjacent bones resulting in altered mechanical and neurological function. Muscle and ligaments contribute to the cuase of the mechanical derrangment

Question 26

What is the diagnostic entities for the dynamic model?

Answer 26

1) joint dysfunction 2) joint restriction 3) joint fixation

Question 27

What are the diagnotics tools for the dynamic model?

Answer 27

1) Global range of motion 2) motion palpation 3) joint and end play 4) motion xrays 5) posture and gait analysis

Question 28

What is Global ROM?

Answer 28

it is done actively done by the patient. Touch their toes, lateral flex, turn. looking for for quality and quantity of movement.

Question 29

What are the basis for correcting a condition based on the dynamic model?

Answer 29

A mobile spine is a healthy spine and that function is more important than structure

Question 30

What are the limitations of the dynamic model?

Answer 30

it is less helpful in acute conditions when movement may be painful. relationship btwn areas in the spince can overlooked because of the emphasis on a single spinal joint. postural and static stresses often overlooked. less helpful in areas of body where motion is limited. motion may be limited due to coexsisting disease. Examiner inconsistency.

Question 31

What are the advantages of the dynamic model?

Answer 31

Theory and concept are consistent with current knowledge in other related health care fields. Accounts for more components of the joint that become dysfunctional such as the relationship between soft tissue changes and joint dysfunction. Adressess why the joint is not moving correctly and allows for specific treatment for specific tissues.

Question 32

What is the UWS appraoch to Joint assesment?

Answer 32

Combines both static and dynamic model.