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Section 1 Particles Flashcards

1
Q

How do you calculate the specific charge of an ion

A

Charge/mass Charge = added electrons* (1.6010^-19C)
Mass = total number of nucleons * (1.6710^-27)

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2
Q

How do you calculate the specific charge of a nucleus

A

(e & mp on data formula sheet)
Charge = Total charge of the proton * (1.6010^-19 C) - e
Mass = Total number of nucleons * (1.6710^-27 kg) - mp

specific charge = (total charge of nucleus/total mass of nucleus)

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3
Q

Mass number is what on carbon

A

big number it’s the nucleon number

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4
Q

when do you show negative and positive specific charges

A

.If there is a gain in electrons, the specific charge will be negative.
.If there is a loss of electrons, the specific charge will be positive

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5
Q

What do AXZ letters mean in AZX Notation

A

A - at the top is the nucleon number
X - in the middle is chemical symbol
Z - Proton number

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6
Q

What happens when an isotope has an imbalance of neutrons and protons

A

This makes the isotope unstable so they consistently decay and emit radiation to achieve a more stable form
This can happen from anywhere between a few nanoseconds to 100000 years

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7
Q

What is isotopic data defined as

A

The relative amounts of different isotopes I’d an element present within a substance

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8
Q

Calculating relative atomic mass

A

(16 * 0.9976) + (17 * 0.0004)+ (18 * 0.002) = 16.0044

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9
Q

Strong nuclear force attraction range

A
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10
Q

give alpha decay equation for 212Po84

A

212Po84 —> 208Pb82 + 4alpha2

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11
Q

Beta minus decay

A

When neutron turns into a proton emitting an electron and an anti-electron neutrino
n —> p + e^- + —^ve

Element e.g:
14C6 —> 14N7 + 0B-1+ 0V^—e0

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12
Q

When are electron neutrinos produced

A

During B+ decay

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13
Q

Alpha and Beta radiation range

A

Alpha constant energy values
Beta has a Range of energy values

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14
Q

What is 1 fm

A

(femtometer) - 1*10^-15 m

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15
Q

What should I remember of the data formula sheet

A

Units of mass given in Kg and rest mass given in MeV (most likely will convert to J, due to plank constant being J)

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16
Q

Formulas for photon energy

A

E = hf and E = (hc)/lamda

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17
Q

What happens to energy of photon during higher frequency and wavelength

A

The amount of energy is directly proportional to the photon’s electromagnetic frequency and thus, equivalently, is inversely proportional to the wavelength. The higher the photon’s frequency, the higher its energy. Equivalently, the longer the photon’s wavelength, the lower its energy.

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18
Q

What is a photon

A

A massless “packet” or a “quantum” of electromagnetic energy

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

how does electron and positron annihilation look like, and how do you calculate min energy of one photon after annihilation

A

electron and positron hit directly and release gamma radiation perpendicularly, energy: Emin = h*fmin

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21
Q

Brightness vs intensity of light for photons

A

more brightness means more photons
more intensity means more energy

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22
Q

What can happen when photon interacts with a nucleus, and the min amount of energy photon required Emin = h*fmin = 2E

A

particle and antiparticle pair as reaction can be reversed if gamma rays have sufficient energy

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23
Q

What are Hadrons made of and what does it mean

A

Subatomic particles that are made up of quarks so feel the strong nuclear force

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24
Q

What are the two classes of hadrons and what are the most common of those two types (for every particle mentioned there is antiparticle variant)

A

Baryons and Mesons
Most common baryons is proton and neutron made of up down quarks
Most common mesons are pions and kaons made up of up down and strange quarks

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25
What charge rule do all baryons and mesons follow and what does it mean
They all have whole number charges, this means quarks in a baryon are either all quarks or anti-quarks but mesons can have a mix of anti and not anti
26
symbol of up quark and change
u +2/3 e
27
Charge and symbol of down quark
(d) & -1/3
28
Charge and symbol of strange quark
s −1/3
29
charge and symbol of charm quark
c +2/3 e
30
charge and symbol of top quark
t +2/3 e
31
charge and symbol of bottom quark
b -1/3 e
32
What is the baryon number of baryon, anti-baryon, particle that’s not a baryon, and up, down, and strange quark
baryon = 1 anti-baryon = -1 not baryon = 0 any quark = 1/3
33
what is the rule that all quarks must follow in a baryon
The implication of this is that baryons are made up of all quarks and anti-baryons are made up of all anti-quarks, because baryon must equal hole integer
34
What is the most stable meason
pions as they are the lightest
35
What are the four fundamental forces and what are each of these interactions caused by
strong force, the weak force, the electromagnetic force, and the gravitational force they are caused by particle exchange
36
What is the exchange particle of strong nuclear force
The pion is the exchange particle of the strong nuclear force. Pions are said to mediate (bring about) the strong nuclear force (Pion is liked more than gluon in exam)
37
What does this technically violate sort of
The pion created is a temporary violation of energy and mass conservation but since it is a virtual particle, it is not directly observed
38
What interaction is the binding of quarks and what is the exchange particle
it’s the strong interaction Exchange particle is Gluon
39
what is the strong interaction and the strong nuclear force collectively referred to
Collectively, these are referred to as the strong force
40
what charges can kaons have
Kaons (K–mesons) can also be positive (K+), negative (K–) or neutral (K0)
41
how are kaons produced
Kaons can be produced by the strong interaction between pions and protons
42
Why do kaons live for so long
This is because kaons contain a strange quark and longer lifetimes are characteristic of particles containing strange quarks
43
what interaction do kaons decay through
Kaons decay through the weak interaction
44
draw neutral kaon decay
45
How do Leptons interact
Leptons interact with other particles via the weak, gravitational or electromagnetic interactions
46
The most common leptons are:
The electron, e– The electron neutrino, ve The muon, μ– The muon neutrino, vμ
47
give lepton number for each lepton
Electron: e^- +1 Electron neutrino: +1 Positron: -1 electron antineutrino: -1 Muon: +1 Muon neutrino: +1 Antimuon: -1 muon antineutrino: -1
48
what is the strangeness number of strange and anti strange quark
strange quark = -1 anti strange quark = +1
49
proton composition
uud
50
neutron composition
udd
51
quark make up of pions
π+ made up of an up quark and an anti-down quark π– made up on an anti-up quark and a down quark π0 made up of an up quark and anti-up quark or down quark and anti-down quark
52
quark make up of kaons
K+ made up of an up quark and an anti-strange quark K– made up on an anti-up quark and a strange quark K0 made up of an down quark and anti-strange quark or anti-down quark and strange quark
53
What are the interaction laws for strangeness
Strangeness is always conserved for strong interactions. Strangeness is sometimes not conserved for weak interactions
54
How can you work out if interaction is strong or weak for strangeness
If the process involves changes in quark types (flavors): This indicates a weak interaction
55
what do all particle interactions have to obey due to conservation laws
Charge, Q Baryon number, B Lepton number, L strangeness, S (not in weak Interactions) Energy ( or mass-energy) momentum
56
What is meant by “When two particles interact, there cannot be instantaneous action at a distance”
When two particles exert a force on each other, a virtual particle is created Virtual particles only exist for a short amount of time and carry the fundamental force between each particle
57
What is meant by “When two particles interact, there cannot be instantaneous action at a distance”
When two particles exert a force on each other, a virtual particle is created
58
59
What is exchange particle of B^- decay and what is B^- decay
W^- boson, and it’s neutron decay
60
What is the exchange particle and Which way does the particle go in the proton electron interaction for electron capture and Electron-proton collision
61
an electronvolt is defined as:
The energy gained by an electron travelling through a potential difference of one volt
62
To convert between eV and J:
eV → J: multiply by 1.6 × 10-19 vice versa
63
What happens when a charged particle is accelerated through a potential difference
it gains kinetic energy
64
for electron volts If an electron accelerates from rest what does it mean
an electronvolt is equal to the kinetic energy gained
65
what does the h constant mean
amount of energy photon can hold
66
The photoelectric effect provides important evidence that light behaves as a
particle
67
describe the photoelectric affect with the analogy
No matter how many of the table tennis balls are thrown at the coconut it will still stay firmly in place – this represents the low frequency photons However, a single shot from the pistol will knock off the coconut immediately – this represents the high frequency photons
68
what is work function Φ
The minimum energy required to release a photoelectron from the surface of a metal
69
By increasing the e.m.f. of the supply, eventually a p.d will be reached, doing what to the number of electrons that make it
at which no electrons are able to cross the gap – this is the stopping potential, Vs
70
What sign is stopping voltage
negative but we mostly just care about the magnitude
71
Explain how the value of energy obtained from the photoelectric affect equation is used
An amount of energy equal to the work function is used to release the photoelectron from the metal The remaining energy will be transferred as kinetic energy to the photoelectron
72
how does kinetic energy change starting with max Ke
Ek(max) (the maximum kinetic energy of ejected electrons) depends only on the frequency of the incident photon, and not the intensity of the radiation so independent of intensity so Ek max= E = h*f - work function of metal Intensity tells us how many photons are striking per second which doesn’t matter for Ek
73
what about units should you remember for the photoelectric equation
hf, Φ and Ek(max) must all have the same units (joules).
74
the different graphs
75
how does photoelectric current change
If you change the frequency of the incident light whilst keeping the number of photons emitted from the light source constant, then the photoelectric current will remain constant This is because changing the frequency will change the energy of the emitted photons, but the number of photons will remain the same If you change the frequency of the incident light whilst keeping the intensity constant, then the photoelectric current will change This is because intensity is power per unit area which is equal to the rate of energy transfer per unit area
76
Explain how UV light can be seen
.When a high voltage is applied across the tube, electrons flow from the cathode to the anode producing an electron beam .These beam electrons collide with the electrons in the mercury atoms transferring kinetic energy in the collision .The atomic electrons in the mercury atoms are excited and move to a higher energy level .This high energy level state is unstable and so the electrons de-excite i.e. move back to their original ground state .As they de-excite, the electrons release that energy by emitting photons in the UV range of wavelengths .The UV photons then collide with electrons in the atoms of the phosphor coating and excite them into a higher energy level .As these phosphor electrons de-excite, they do so in stages emitting photons in the visible light range of wavelengths (like filament bulb)
77
label
78
Emission Spectra
When an electron transitions from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, this results in the emission of a photon Each transition corresponds to a different wavelength of light and this corresponds to a line in the spectrum The resulting emission spectrum contains a set of discrete wavelengths, represented by coloured lines on a black background Each emitted photon has a wavelength which is associated with a discrete change in energy, according to the equation:
79
Absorption Spectra
An atom can be raised to an excited state by the absorption of a photon When white light passes through a cool, low pressure gas it is found that light of certain wavelengths are missing This type of spectrum is called an absorption spectrum An absorption spectrum consists of a continuous spectrum containing all the colours with dark lines at certain wavelengths These dark lines correspond exactly to the differences in energy levels in an atom When these electrons return to lower levels, the photons are emitted in all directions, rather than in the original direction of the white light Therefore, some wavelengths appear to be missing The wavelengths missing from an absorption spectrum are the same as their corresponding emission spectra of the same element
80
what does the difference in line spectra tell you
The difference between two energy levels is equal to a specific photon energy ΔE = hf = E2 - E1 Where: E1 = Energy of the higher level (J) E2 = Energy of the lower level (J)
81
in spectrum difference what is inversely proportional
Photon energy and wavelength are inversely proportional
82
Light interacts with matter, such as …..? Light propagates through space as ….?
Light interacts with matter, such as a particle, The evidence for this is provided by the photoelectric effect Light propagates through space as a wave, The evidence for this comes from the diffraction and interference of light in Young's Double-Slit Experiment
83
The kinetic energy of the electrons is proportional to the …?
voltage across the anode-cathode: Ek = ½ mv2 = eV
84
how to increase diffraction of electron
decrease speed, you can work it out through formula
85
If the electron speed / kinetic energy is increased, by increasing the accelerating voltage, then:
The wavelength of the wave will decrease The diffraction rings will appear closer together Why: wavelength = h/p. electron momentum and kinetic energy: K = eV (e = charge & v = accelerating voltage). because p = mv & K = 1/2*m*v^2 then p = sqr(2mK) therefore wavelength = h/sqr(2mK). and also n*wavelength = 2*d*sin theta
86
How do you calculate strangeness
Strangeness = (number of s quarks) - (number of anti quarks)
87
How many eV in a joule
If 1 joule = (1/1.6*10^-19) eV and (1/1.6*10^-19) = 6.25*10^18 which is how many

Physics (13 decks)

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