Section 2 Flashcards
(59 cards)
East Africa
-Uganda
-Kenya
-Tanzania
-Climate
~Tropics
*Variable rainfall/temperatures based on latitude and elevation
-East Africa
~Grassland
~Semi arid
-Rainy seasons
~March-May
~November-January
Topography
-East Africa
-Highlands
~Mt. Kilmandjaro, TZ
*19,340 ft
~East Africa Rift System
*Great Rift Valley
Waterways
-Nile River (Sudan)
~Connections to Egypt and the Mediterranean
-Red Sea
-Indian Ocean
~Trade to the east
-East African Great Lakes
~Lake Victoria
Ecology
-Plants and animals
-Woodlands
-Grasslands
-Ungulates/Heard animals
-Predators
-Domesticated animals
~Cattle, sheep, goats
-Native Domesticated crops
~Millet, Sorghum, Coconut (coast)
-Introduced from Asia
~Rice, wheat
-Introduced from the Americas
~Maize
People and Cultures
-Africa
-Language families
~5 major groups
*Lots of diversity within them
~2nd most populous continent
People and Cultures
-East Africa
-3 major linguistic groups
~160 ethnic groups
-Cushitic (Horn of Africa)
-Nilotic (Kenya/Uganda)
-Bentu
~Luganda/Ganda (Uganda)
~Swahili (Tanzania)
East Africa
-Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania
-Human orgins
~4mya-200,000
-Hunter-gatherers/ Pastoralists/ Agriculture
~120, to present
-African States
~About 1,000-1,900 CE
-European Colonization
~1500-1960s
-Independence and Nation-States
~1960-Present
Human Evolution
-Great Rift Valley
-Australopithecus
~Lucy
*4-2.5mya
-Homo habilis
~Homo erectus
*2.5-200kya
-Homo sapiens
~200,000
*Hunter and gathering
**Rely primarily on foraged plants, hunted animals
Deep History of African hunter-gathers
-120,000 to present
~Rely primarily on foraged plants, hunted animals
-Contemporary hunter-gathers
~400,000 people today
~South Africa
*San
~Central/ East Africa
*Pygmy
~East Africa
*Okiek, Hadza
East African Hunter-gatherers
-Okiek/Ogiek (13 on map)
~Southern Nilotic language group
-High-altitude, densely forested regions
-Migrated into southern at least 1,000 years ago
Pastoralists
-People who rely primarily on domesticated herds
-Tend to be more mobile, moving heard to pastures and water sources
-East African Pastoralists
~Maasai, Samburur, Borana Galla, and Rendielle
Pastoralism/Pastoralists
-~5,000 years ago
~Introduction of cattle herding, foraging, and hunting from SW Asia
East African Pastoralism
-Pastoral Neolithic
~5,000-1,000 years ago
*Genetic affinity to Afro-Asiatic/Cushitic speakers
**Because increasingly specialized as climate improved grasslands
-Pastoral Iron Age
~1,000 years ago to the present
*Genetic affinity to Nilotic speakers
**Maasai
East African Pastoralism Today
-~1 million today
~Maasai
Agriculture in East Africa
-Iron Age/Bantu Migration
~100 BCE-1500 CE
-2000-1500 CE
~From Niger River, West Africa
*Iron tools, smelting
*Pottery
*Farmed millet, sorghum, dry rice, beans, oil palms, banana, yam
-Bantu language groups
~Ganda/Luganda
~Swahili
*Interacted with existing groups and created a diversity of ethnic groups and political entities
African States/Kingdoms
-~1500-1900 CE
-Egyption Dynasty (Sudan)
-West African States
-Ethiopia Kingdom
~Aksum
-Bantu States
~Great Zimbabwe
*Buganda Kingdom (Bachwezi Empire)
~Swahili States
*Indian Ocean Trade network
*Adoption of Islam
**Focus on rice farming
*Stonetowns
Arrival of European colonizers
-Portuguese late 1400s
~Trade with Asia and access to natural resources
~Beginning of transatlantic slave trade in West Africa
European Colonization/Colonialism
-1500-1900s
~Portuguese
~Dutch (Southern Africa)
~British (South and East Africa)
~French (North Africa)
~Italy (East Africa)
~Germans (East Africa)
-Berlin Conference
~1884-1885
*14 countries (including the USA) divided up Africa for their colonies
-Only Ethiopia was able to defeat the incursion of the Italian military to maintain independence
-Liberia was settled by freed enslaved people from the US
-Settler colonialism
~Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe (Rhodesia)
-Protectorates
~Governed/ Ruled by distant states
-Access to goods in Asia
-Resource Extraction/Industrialization
~People (Slaves) through the early 1900s
*Rubber, gold, diamonds, Labor
-Racial and Cultural Domination
~Racist ideas of social evolution and primitivism
*Justification/need to “civilize”
European Colonization/Colonialism
-Early 20th century
-Early British Social Anthropology
~E.E. Evans-Pritchard
-Independence Movements
~1950-1960s
-Kenya
~British settler colonial state
Mau Mau Rebellion 1952-1960
**Kikuyu ethnic group
**Oficial languages: English, Swahili
-Ugana
~British protectorate
*Buganda Kingdom and Centralized government
**Official languages: English, Swahili, Luganda
-Tanzania
~Tanganyika and Zanzibar
*Maji Maji Rebellion 1906-1907
**Led by Religious leader Kinjiketele
*Official languages: English, Swahili, Arabic (Zanzibar)
-Tanganyika
~German protectorate
-Zanzibar
~British protectorate
African Nation States
-1970-Present
-Kenya
~Single party and presidents
*Jomo Kenyatta (1964-1978)
*Daniel arap Moi (1978-1997)
~Multi=party system enacted 1992
New Constitution 2006
**President: William Ruto (2022-present)
**Elected
-Uganda
~Buganda Kings and Non-Buganda Governments
*1966-1971
~Military Dictator Idi Amin (1971-1979)
*War 1980-1986
~Coup led by Yuweru Museveni (1986-present)
-Tanzania
~Julius K. Nyerere (1961-1985)
~Ujaama Socialism
*Collective farming, focus on rural areas, state-owned land and enterprises
~Post-1985 Multi=party but mostly ruled by a single party (CMM)
*First female president Samia Suluhu Hassan (2021-present)
Neo-Colonial/ Neo-Liberal Globalization
-1970-1980s
-Structural Adjustment Projects (SAPs)
~”Development”
-World Bank / International Monetary Fund (IMF)
~Loans/Debt “forgiveness” given to governments in exchange for economic reforms:
*Free and global markets
**DE-emphasized national production
*Privatization of national entities
**Natural resources, land, medical system
*Imposition of “austerity” measures
**Adjustments to wages and currencies
Broader Concepts
-Theory
-Identity
~Who we are in relation to others
~Constructed and Contested
-Political Economy
~The interconnections between economic production and political power
*Globalization
Identity
-Who we are in relation to others
-Individual identities created in relation to group/communities
~Ethnicity
~Nation/Region
~Gender
~Age
~Religion
~Class
-Varies by context
~Identities are constructed and contested
~In some places, you might find one aspect of your identity is more prominent or hidden than others
-African Identity
~Expressed/negotiated through Hip-Hop
*Integrating US hip-hop styles and African musical traditions
*Lyrics in mix of English African languages
-Kenyan artiste: Gidi Gidi Maji Maji
~Song: “UnBWOGOable”
*Dohluo word Bwogo means intimidate or scare
-Want to project a “concrete African identity”
-Contract to Western identity/stereotypes
-Might be essentializing/ simplifying/ stereotypes
-Identities often contested
~Tanzanian artiste: Mr. Ebbo
~Songs: “Fahari Yaho” and “Masai, Bado”
*Kiswahili & Adopts Maasai dress (From Kenya)
Gender identity
-Expressed/negotiated through Hip Hop
-How are behaviors of men and women projected/contested
-Kenyan artiste: Wahu
~Songs: “Kibow Wow” and “Sitshiki”
-Tanzanian artiste: Zay B
~Song: “Monica”