Section 2 Flashcards

(59 cards)

1
Q

East Africa

A

-Uganda
-Kenya
-Tanzania

-Climate
~Tropics
*Variable rainfall/temperatures based on latitude and elevation

-East Africa
~Grassland
~Semi arid

-Rainy seasons
~March-May
~November-January

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2
Q

Topography
-East Africa

A

-Highlands
~Mt. Kilmandjaro, TZ
*19,340 ft
~East Africa Rift System
*Great Rift Valley

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3
Q

Waterways

A

-Nile River (Sudan)
~Connections to Egypt and the Mediterranean
-Red Sea
-Indian Ocean
~Trade to the east

-East African Great Lakes
~Lake Victoria

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4
Q

Ecology
-Plants and animals

A

-Woodlands
-Grasslands
-Ungulates/Heard animals
-Predators
-Domesticated animals
~Cattle, sheep, goats

-Native Domesticated crops
~Millet, Sorghum, Coconut (coast)

-Introduced from Asia
~Rice, wheat

-Introduced from the Americas
~Maize

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5
Q

People and Cultures
-Africa

A

-Language families
~5 major groups
*Lots of diversity within them

~2nd most populous continent

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6
Q

People and Cultures
-East Africa

A

-3 major linguistic groups
~160 ethnic groups

-Cushitic (Horn of Africa)

-Nilotic (Kenya/Uganda)

-Bentu
~Luganda/Ganda (Uganda)
~Swahili (Tanzania)

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7
Q

East Africa
-Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania

A

-Human orgins
~4mya-200,000
-Hunter-gatherers/ Pastoralists/ Agriculture
~120, to present
-African States
~About 1,000-1,900 CE
-European Colonization
~1500-1960s
-Independence and Nation-States
~1960-Present

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8
Q

Human Evolution
-Great Rift Valley

A

-Australopithecus
~Lucy
*4-2.5mya

-Homo habilis
~Homo erectus
*2.5-200kya

-Homo sapiens
~200,000
*Hunter and gathering
**Rely primarily on foraged plants, hunted animals

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9
Q

Deep History of African hunter-gathers

A

-120,000 to present
~Rely primarily on foraged plants, hunted animals

-Contemporary hunter-gathers
~400,000 people today
~South Africa
*San
~Central/ East Africa
*Pygmy
~East Africa
*Okiek, Hadza

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10
Q

East African Hunter-gatherers

A

-Okiek/Ogiek (13 on map)
~Southern Nilotic language group
-High-altitude, densely forested regions
-Migrated into southern at least 1,000 years ago

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11
Q

Pastoralists

A

-People who rely primarily on domesticated herds
-Tend to be more mobile, moving heard to pastures and water sources

-East African Pastoralists
~Maasai, Samburur, Borana Galla, and Rendielle

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12
Q

Pastoralism/Pastoralists

A

-~5,000 years ago
~Introduction of cattle herding, foraging, and hunting from SW Asia

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13
Q

East African Pastoralism

A

-Pastoral Neolithic
~5,000-1,000 years ago
*Genetic affinity to Afro-Asiatic/Cushitic speakers
**Because increasingly specialized as climate improved grasslands

-Pastoral Iron Age
~1,000 years ago to the present
*Genetic affinity to Nilotic speakers
**Maasai

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14
Q

East African Pastoralism Today

A

-~1 million today
~Maasai

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15
Q

Agriculture in East Africa

A

-Iron Age/Bantu Migration
~100 BCE-1500 CE

-2000-1500 CE
~From Niger River, West Africa
*Iron tools, smelting
*Pottery
*Farmed millet, sorghum, dry rice, beans, oil palms, banana, yam

-Bantu language groups
~Ganda/Luganda
~Swahili
*Interacted with existing groups and created a diversity of ethnic groups and political entities

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16
Q

African States/Kingdoms

A

-~1500-1900 CE

-Egyption Dynasty (Sudan)
-West African States
-Ethiopia Kingdom
~Aksum
-Bantu States
~Great Zimbabwe
*Buganda Kingdom (Bachwezi Empire)
~Swahili States
*Indian Ocean Trade network
*Adoption of Islam
**Focus on rice farming
*Stonetowns

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17
Q

Arrival of European colonizers

A

-Portuguese late 1400s
~Trade with Asia and access to natural resources
~Beginning of transatlantic slave trade in West Africa

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18
Q

European Colonization/Colonialism

A

-1500-1900s
~Portuguese
~Dutch (Southern Africa)
~British (South and East Africa)
~French (North Africa)
~Italy (East Africa)
~Germans (East Africa)

-Berlin Conference
~1884-1885
*14 countries (including the USA) divided up Africa for their colonies

-Only Ethiopia was able to defeat the incursion of the Italian military to maintain independence

-Liberia was settled by freed enslaved people from the US

-Settler colonialism
~Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe (Rhodesia)

-Protectorates
~Governed/ Ruled by distant states

-Access to goods in Asia

-Resource Extraction/Industrialization
~People (Slaves) through the early 1900s
*Rubber, gold, diamonds, Labor

-Racial and Cultural Domination
~Racist ideas of social evolution and primitivism
*Justification/need to “civilize”

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19
Q

European Colonization/Colonialism

A

-Early 20th century

-Early British Social Anthropology
~E.E. Evans-Pritchard

-Independence Movements
~1950-1960s

-Kenya
~British settler colonial state
Mau Mau Rebellion 1952-1960
**Kikuyu ethnic group
**
Oficial languages: English, Swahili

-Ugana
~British protectorate
*Buganda Kingdom and Centralized government
**Official languages: English, Swahili, Luganda

-Tanzania
~Tanganyika and Zanzibar
*Maji Maji Rebellion 1906-1907
**Led by Religious leader Kinjiketele
*Official languages: English, Swahili, Arabic (Zanzibar)

-Tanganyika
~German protectorate

-Zanzibar
~British protectorate

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20
Q

African Nation States
-1970-Present

A

-Kenya
~Single party and presidents
*Jomo Kenyatta (1964-1978)
*Daniel arap Moi (1978-1997)
~Multi=party system enacted 1992
New Constitution 2006
**President: William Ruto (2022-present)
**
Elected

-Uganda
~Buganda Kings and Non-Buganda Governments
*1966-1971
~Military Dictator Idi Amin (1971-1979)
*War 1980-1986
~Coup led by Yuweru Museveni (1986-present)

-Tanzania
~Julius K. Nyerere (1961-1985)
~Ujaama Socialism
*Collective farming, focus on rural areas, state-owned land and enterprises
~Post-1985 Multi=party but mostly ruled by a single party (CMM)
*First female president Samia Suluhu Hassan (2021-present)

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21
Q

Neo-Colonial/ Neo-Liberal Globalization
-1970-1980s

A

-Structural Adjustment Projects (SAPs)
~”Development”

-World Bank / International Monetary Fund (IMF)
~Loans/Debt “forgiveness” given to governments in exchange for economic reforms:
*Free and global markets
**DE-emphasized national production
*Privatization of national entities
**Natural resources, land, medical system
*Imposition of “austerity” measures
**Adjustments to wages and currencies

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22
Q

Broader Concepts
-Theory

A

-Identity
~Who we are in relation to others
~Constructed and Contested

-Political Economy
~The interconnections between economic production and political power
*Globalization

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23
Q

Identity

A

-Who we are in relation to others
-Individual identities created in relation to group/communities
~Ethnicity
~Nation/Region
~Gender
~Age
~Religion
~Class

-Varies by context
~Identities are constructed and contested
~In some places, you might find one aspect of your identity is more prominent or hidden than others

-African Identity
~Expressed/negotiated through Hip-Hop
*Integrating US hip-hop styles and African musical traditions
*Lyrics in mix of English African languages

-Kenyan artiste: Gidi Gidi Maji Maji
~Song: “UnBWOGOable”
*Dohluo word Bwogo means intimidate or scare

-Want to project a “concrete African identity”
-Contract to Western identity/stereotypes
-Might be essentializing/ simplifying/ stereotypes
-Identities often contested

~Tanzanian artiste: Mr. Ebbo
~Songs: “Fahari Yaho” and “Masai, Bado”
*Kiswahili & Adopts Maasai dress (From Kenya)

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24
Q

Gender identity

A

-Expressed/negotiated through Hip Hop

-How are behaviors of men and women projected/contested

-Kenyan artiste: Wahu
~Songs: “Kibow Wow” and “Sitshiki”

-Tanzanian artiste: Zay B
~Song: “Monica”

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Political Economy
-Politics ~Power relationships within a society -Economy ~How a society makes a living -The interconnections between economic production and political power, how they change overtime, pre and post-capitalistic societies ~Socio-economic status and political power -How status and power are established in African pastoral societies ~Less rigid hierarchies. Earned through skill, ability to accumulate wealth through heard and accumulating goods through exchange -Age ~Young men have less influence than older men -Reciprocity/Redistribution of goods -Obligations to family/community -How status and prestige are established in industrial, capitalistic societies ~Rigid hierarches of those who have access and those who do not ~Industrial Revolution *Owners/ Laborers; classes ~Goods/ Services done in exchange for money *Can accumulate money and goods ~Levels of redistribution are contested
26
Political Economy -Post-Colonial Global Capitalism
-Globalization ~Worldwide intensification of interactions and increased movement of money, people, goods, and ideas within and across national borders -Neoliberalism ~Economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism of economic growth, with a severely restricted role of the government
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Political Economy -Kenya
-Multi-party system enacted 1992 -Newly proposed Constitution 2006 ~National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) ~Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) -How did hip-hop get utilized in this case? ~NARC used song "Unbwogable" *Sponsored song competitions **Used hip-hop songs to attach youth voters
32
Political Economy -Economic realities in East Africa
-Boda Boda (Taxi cabs) -Buying music/Bootlegs -Youth experiences and disenfranchisement with Neoliberal economies and Globalization ~Kenyan group: Kalamashka *Song: "Ni Wakati"
32
Political Economy -Uganda
-Buganda Kings and Non-Buganda -Governments ~1966-1971 *Military Dictator Idi Amin (1971-1979) *War 1980-1986 *Coup led by Yuweri Moseveni (1986-present) -Bobi Wine
32
Climate
-Tropics ~Vatiable rainfall/temperatures based on latitude and elevation ~Costal Desert ~Dry Highlands ~Wet Eastern Slopes ~Rainy season *December-March
33
Topography
-Highlands ~Vallys -Highest peaks ~22,000-20,000 ft asl -Altiplano ~High plain *12,000 ft asl
34
Waterways
-Pacific Coast ~Fish, guano -Andean river valleys irrigation ~Lake Titicaca
35
Ecology -Plants and animals
-Many ecological zones ~Chala ~Quechua (Suni) ~Puna ~Yungas -Wild Camelids ~Vicuna, guananco ~Wild Cats ~Chinchillas -Domesticated camelids ~Llamas, alpacas ~Guinea Pig (Cuy) -Native Domesticated crops ~Potatoes, tubers, quinoa -Introduced from Amazon ~Chili peppers, sweet potatoes, peanuts -Introduced from Mexico ~Maize -Introduced from Eurasia ~Fava beans, wheat, barley
36
People and Cultures -South America/Andes
-Language families ~2 major language groups in Andes *Quechua (green) *Aymara (pink) **Multiple Amazonian language groups -Spanish ~All but Brazil -Portuguese ~Brazil
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Demography Today
-Distribution of the indigenous population -Compared to the US Southwest
38
Andes
-Human origins and highland hunter-gatherers ~15,000-7,000 years ago -Origins of agriculture and settled villages ~5,000 BCE-500CE -Andean States and the Inka Empire ~500CE-1523 -Spanish Conquest/Independence ~1500s-1800s -Republican and Modern States Peru ~1860-1960s
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Human Migrations in South America
-Monte Verde, Chile ~Coast lowlands *15,000 years ago -Cave sites, Peru ~Highlands *13,000 years ago
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Origins of Agriculture
-Camelids domesticated in highlands ~8,000-5,000 years ago -Plants domesticated in Amazon and Mexico ~Chili peppers, Maize *Appear in dry coastal sites 7,000 years ago -Plants domesticated in highlands ~Potatoes, quinoa *5,000-3,000 years ago
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Early Andean Complex Societies
-3,000BCE-500 ~Small settle commonities ~Built large ceremonial complexes -Caral ~Coastal Valley -Chavin de Huantar ~Central highlands
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Early Andean States
-500-1,100 CE ~Large, organized urban populations ~Broad political influence -Wari ~Central and northern highlands -Tiwanaku ~Lake Titicaca and southern highlands
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Early Andean States -1,000-1470 CE
-Chimu Empire ~North Coast -Andean Kingdoms ~Central Andes/Lake Titicaca -Cusco ~Homeland of the Inka
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Inka Empire
-1470-1532 CE ~Based in Cusco ~Each ruler or "Inka" conquered new land ~Moved populations around *Taxes: Crops and M'ita (labor)
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Inka Empire and Spanish Conquest
-1,532 CE ~Inka Waya Capac *Lived in Quito (Ecuador) ~Died of small pox *Diseases arriving through trade -Two Inka brothers ~Huascar (Cusco) and Atahalpa (Quinto) -Spanish Conquistador Pizarro arrived and pitted brothers against each other ~Disease decimating local populations
46
Spanish Colonization of the Andes
-Administrators and Priests ~Mostly Spanish men -Intermarriage with Inka elites and regional leaders (kurakas) -Exploited Inka administration -Exploitation of land, natural resources, and land ~M'ita labor in the mines *Potosi, Bolivia -Agriculture and indigenous labor ~Encomieda *Lands awarded to conquerors *In exchange for conversion ~Haciendas *Lands "purchased" by non-rural landowners *Some indigenous communities *Labor to produce agricultural products
47
Independence from Spain
-18,06-1829 ~Simon Bolivar ~Jose de San Martin *Men of European descent, wealthy landowners
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Republican Era
-1830-1900s ~Mestizo upper classes *Urban, coastal areas *Access to education, large-scale landowners ~Indigenous/Peasant class *Rural, highlands *No schools, still served as laborers *Disenfranchised
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Indigenismo, Revolt and Agrarian Reforms
-1950-1960s ~Bolivia *Revolution 1952 **Liberal urban party, rural farmers, unionized miners ~Peru *Military coup 1968 **Leftist leader ***Juan Vasquez Alvarado ****Support of indigenous groups *Universal education, participation in political processes, voting rights, rights to land ~Agrarian Reforms *Redistribution of haclenda lands **1953 (Bolivia)/1969 (Peru)
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South American Governments
-"Cold War" ~1950-1980s -United States and USSR ~Struggle over economic and political policies across South America -Cuban Revolution ~1953-1959 *Communism/Socialism oriented -US backed Dictatorships in Chile, Bolivia, Argentina, and others ~Capitalistic/Neo-liberal oriented -Neoliberal economic reforms ~1980 *President Belaunde Terry **Decree DL 002 ***"Law of Agrarian Development" ~1993 *President Alberto Fujimori **Overturned laws of 1969 Reform -"Reprivatize" communal/cooperative lands
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Peruvian Governments and Civil War
-1980-1990s ~Struggle between wealthy, upper class often tied to neoliberal, capitalist policies and middle, lower class of tied to more socialist, policies -Sendero Luminoso ~Shining Path *Abimel Guzzman
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Peru Today
-1990-2000 ~Democratically elected governments *12 different presidents since 2000 *7 presidents since 2006 -Struggles between the wealthy and the poor, the city and the rural, corruption, and distrust
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Neoliberal Reforms in South America
-1980-2000s -Structural Adjustment Project (SAPs) ~Government adjustments *World Bank *International Monetary Fund (IMF) ~Development *Infrastructure **Roads *Mining and resource extraction -Development agencies and programs ~Projects aimed at growing economies and improving quality of life for "underdeveloped" nations -Agricultural production, health/nutrition, environmental issues -Parastatl Development Agencies ~USAID (US), AECID (Spain) -Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) ~PRISMA, others mention in the text -Chapter 3 ~Othersiders coming in with "solutions" ~Often "top-down" ~Unsuccessful, some harmful
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Quinoa: Food Politics and Agrarian Life in the Andean Highlands
-Food -Political and Cultural -Globalization -Development projects and exports -Indigenous/Farmer's Agency
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Development
-Efforts to improve economic conditions in "underdeveloped" countries -"Projects" to solve a particular issue ~Food/water, health, economic opportunities, education, gender equity, etc. -Non-Governmental organizations (NGOs) versus government implementation (Parastatal organization) -Anthropologists study how these are implemented the impacts, they have on communities, and how they connect with local issues. -Top-down ~Issues identified from the outside *Ideals about health, wellness, prosperity **Book what is "health food" ~Solution derived from the outside *Based on non-local technology, ecology, values -Bottom-up ~Issues identified from within the community *Rooted in local about health, wellness, prosperity ~Solution based on local realities and interests *Fish tanks, women's weaving group, and local cheese -Top-down approach ~Raised-field agriculture in Lake Titicaca ~1980s archaeologists documented large areas of ancient fields around lakes ~ Experimental archaeology showed that they produced very well ~Collaborated with NGOs to rehabilitate fields and help communities produce more food using raised fields ~Soon after the projects left, the fields were abandoned. Why? *Lots of labor to maintain *Smaller population than in ancient times **Other labor opportunities in the city *Dryland agriculture is productive enough for the work required **Fields need to be integrated into the current system of rotation
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