Section 2

Question 1

Two Types of Cells

Answer 1

1- Eukaryotic

2- Prokaryotic

Question 2

Examples of Eukaryotic cells

Answer 2

Make up non-mircroscopic  like.
1- mammals
2- Fungi
3- algae
4- Plants
5- Protozoa

Question 3

Prokaryotes

Answer 3

1- All Bacteria

2- Achaea

Question 4

How many human eukaryotic cells genes are there

Answer 4

25,000

Question 5

How many genes does bacteria cells have

Answer 5

5,000

Question 6

Bacteria size

Answer 6

1/1000 the volume of our cells

Question 7

Bacteria cells lack

Answer 7

1- internal membraned bound organelles
2- 70s Ribosomes
3- Complex Walls
4- 1000x smaller than human cells
5- circular dsDNA

Question 8

Bacteria outer wall

Answer 8

Unique outer wall that covers the cell plasma membrane and protects from osmotic lysis.

Question 9

Three major life forms

Answer 9

1- Bacteria
2- Archaea
3- Eucarya
measured by genetic similarity

Question 10

Humans can be infected by Eukaryotic Pathogens

Answer 10

1- Fungi
2- Helminths
3- Portozoa

Question 11

Prokaryotic microorganisms that infect humans

Answer 11

1- bacteria

2- a Few Archea

Question 12

Bacteria can be decided into two categories

Answer 12

1- gram +

2- gram -

Question 13

Gram + Bacteria

Answer 13

1- have thick outer cell wall with peptidglycan outside a single inner plasma membrane

Question 14

Gram - Bacteria

Answer 14

1- have thin cell wall sandwiched between the cell membrane and a unique outer membrane.
2- the outer-membrane contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 15

Viruses two categories

Answer 15

1- enveloped

2- non-enveloped

Question 16

Enveloped virus

Answer 16

much less hardy than non-enveloped

Question 17

Prions

Answer 17

small infectious proteins

Question 18

Bacteria protein synthesis

Answer 18

1- mRNA is transcribed directly in the presence of ribosomes, there is little lag in protein productions which means the bacteria can respond quickly to environmental changes.

Question 19

Ribosome 70s

Answer 19

1- different than eukaryotic 80s

2- Target site for some antibiotics

Question 20

Bacteria wall

Answer 20

1- regular bi-lipd cell membrane

2- rigid cell wall (another target for antibiotics)

Question 21

Bacterial structures anchored to cell membrane or cell wall

Answer 21

1- Pili/Fimbrae
2- Flagella
3- Capsule
4- Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 22

Pili/Fimbrae

Answer 22

1- used for attachment and conjugation

2- Leptin

Question 23

Flagella

Answer 23

Locomotion

Question 24

Capsule

Answer 24

1- protect from phagocytosis
2- Anti-phagocytic
1- Protect from PMNs and macrophages

Question 25

Lipopolysaccharide

Answer 25

1- major virulence factor, found in the outer membrane of gram - bacteria 2- Inflammatory Toxin 3- Endotoxin 4- Activate macrophages

Question 26

Bacteria secrete many digestive enzymes

Answer 26

to breakdown carbohydrates and proteins into small sugars and AA which are taken up by small pores

Question 27

Digestive enzymes may cause

Answer 27

damage to human tissue which cause pathology

Question 28

Bacteria must also steal

Answer 28

essential molecules (e.g. iron) from the host

Question 29

Bacteria releases waste

Answer 29

into the immediate environment which could be used as nutrient source for other bacteria

Question 30

Biofilms

Answer 30

Complex ecological bio-systems where bacteria live

Question 31

Lectin

Answer 31

binds bacteria to host and other bacteria

Question 32

Bacteria Cell Wall

Answer 32

1- essential, all enclosing, rigid, porous, protective-girdle that surrounds the bacterial cell 2- Protects the plasma membrane from osmotic pressure

Question 33

Bacteria cell wall made of

Answer 33

polysaccharide chain cross linked by peptides

Question 34

Polysaccharide chains

Answer 34

formed by repeating, modified glucose dimers called: 1- N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) 2- N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

Question 35

Cell wall synthesis

Answer 35

1- Cytoplasm 2- short peptide is bound to a disaccharide (NAG-NAM-peptide) 3- transported through the cell membrane 4- joined to a growing peptidoglycan chain by a transport enzyme complex 5- 20 or so dimers are linked into a structural girder just outside the cell membrane, fall off the transport enzyme complex and bump into the inside of the existing cell wall. 6- Membrane bound enzyme Transpeptidase spot welds these girders into place by cross-linking the peptides hanging from the girders to peptides dangling from the existing wall.

Question 36

Transpeptidase

Answer 36

spot welds peptidoglycan into place by cross-linking the peptides hanging from peptidoglycan to the existing wall.

Question 37

Autolysins

Answer 37

degrades and synthesizes peptidoglycan

Question 38

Small amount of LPS

Answer 38

Excellent at activating the innate immune reaction

Question 39

Large amount or systemic amounts of LPS

Answer 39

1- Cause serious problems | 2- In blood vessels clotting system is activated leading to disseminated intravascular coagulation

Question 40

Disseminated Intravascular coagulation

Answer 40

Obstructed blood flow in the affected blood vessels, causing damage to death to the underlying tissue.

Question 41

Macrophages when activated by LPS

Answer 41

1- LPS Binds to TLR-4 recpetor 2- secret NO compounds onto surrounding tissue which include proteases that breakdown extracellular matrix (collagen) - collegenase 3- PGE2 (Prostaglandin-E2) (Activates osteoclasts to resorb bone) and TNF alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor) (signals endothelial cells to produce more NO, which causes pre-capillary sphincters to relax (inflammation) 1- Hypovolemic shock (septic shock) 1- too many capillaries in the body opened up at one time causing blood pressure to fall dramatically

Question 42

Hypovolemic shock

Answer 42

1- Septic Shock | 2- too many capillaries in the body opened up at one time causing blood pressure to fall dramatcially

Question 43

Starch/Glycogen

Answer 43

1- Energy storage | 2- Amylase (Pancreatic enzyme)

Question 44

Cellulose

Answer 44

Structural

Question 45

Peptidogylcan

Answer 45

1- Structural | 2-Lysozyme

Question 46

Lysozyme

Answer 46

Found in 1- Tears 2- Saliva

Question 47

Chitin

Answer 47

Extracellular matrix