Section 2 - Memory Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
What are the 3 types of memory
A
- Semantic (knowledge) - conscious
- Episodic (emotion) - conscious
- Procedural (movement) - unconscious
2
Q
What are the 2 characteristics of memory
A
- STM
- LTM
3
Q
What is encoding
A
How a memory trace is internally represented
4
Q
How is STM encoded
A
-acoustic
5
Q
How is LTM encoded
A
-Semantic
6
Q
What is capacity
A
How much in physical terms each memory store can hold
7
Q
What is duration
A
How long a memory trace lasts once created in STM and LTM
8
Q
What is the magic number of recall
A
7 (+ or - 2)
9
Q
What are the 3 parts of the working memory model (WMM)
A
- Central executive
- Phonological loop
- Visuo-spatial sketchpad
- Episodic buffer
10
Q
What is the central executives function
A
Monitors and coordinates all other mental functions in working memory
11
Q
What are the 3 slave systems
A
- LTM
- Visuo-spatial sketchpad
- phonological loop
12
Q
What are the problems with using case studies
A
- They’re of unique individuals and cannot be generalised to the population
- brain injury is traumatic, changes behavior so the person performs worse on tasks
13
Q
What 2 parts does the phonological loop consist of
A
- Phonological store
- Articulatory control process
14
Q
What is the phonological store
A
speech perception- holds info in speech form for 1-2 seconds
15
Q
What is the Articulatory control process
A
speech production- used to rehearse and store verbal info from the phonological store
16
Q
What was the aim of Baddeley and hitch (1974)
A
To investigate if participants can use different parts of working memory at the same time.
17
Q
How many tasks did Baddeley and hitch get the participants to perform
A
2 tasks at the same time
18
Q
What did the digit span task require the participants to do
A
Repeat a list of numbers
19
Q
What did the verbal reasoning task require the participants to do
A
Answer true or false to various questions
20
Q
What did they find in the digit span task
A
As the length of numbers increased it took participants longer to answer the reasoning questions
21
Q
What did they find in the verbal reasoning task
A
they didn’t make any more errors in the verbal reasoning tasks as the number of digits increased
22
Q
Does the central executive have a storage capacity
A
No storage capacity; so nowhere to hold info that relates to visual or acoustic
23
Q
What does the episodic buffer do
A
- Integrates info from the CE to the phonological loop and the VSSP
- maintains a sense of time sequencing (recording events)
24
Q
What are the 2 parts of the VSSP
A
- Visual cache (visual items)
- Inner scribe (arrangement of objects
25
What is the duration of STM
18-30 seconds
26
What is the capacity of the STM
chunks 7 +/- 2
27
What is the duration of the LTM
Infinite
28
What is the capacity of the LTM
Infinite
29
What was the first store in the multi-store model of memory
Sensory memory
30
What was the second store in the multi-store model of memory
Short term memory
31
What was the third store in the multi-store model of memory
Long term memory
32
What was the arrow that points to the STM in the multi store model of memory from the sensory memory
Attention
33
What was the arrow that points to the Long term in the multi store model of memory
storage
34
What was the arrow that points to the STM in the multi store model of memory from the long term memory
Recall
35
How can you make information go into your long term memory multi-store model of memory
Rehearse the information
36
How long will it take for you to forget information you don't pay attention to multi-store model of memory
2-3 seconds
37
Strengths of the multi-store memory model
Brain scanning techniques showing difference between STM and LTM
38
What is a limitation of the multi-store memory model
Over simplified
39
How is the multi-store model over simplified
It suggests that they're single stores, research doesn't support this
40
What is a case study on the multi-store memory model
Study of people with brain damage shows different areas of brain are involved in STM and LTM
41
What are the main characteristics of the sensory memory store
gain information fro your 5 receptors and corresponding areas of the brain
42
What are the main characteristics of the STM
- used for immediate tasks limited duration
| - info will disappear from STM if new information occurs
43
What are the main characteristics of long term memory
- Unlimited duration and capacity
| - occurs when you understand the info
44
What are the 3 types of LTM
- Episodic
- Semantic
- Procedural
45
What is procedural memory and example
How to do things IE: how to tie shoe laces
46
What is Episodic memory and example
A conscious memory of a previous experience IE: first day at school
47
What is Semantic memory and example
A recollection of a word, concept or number IE: How to spell
48
What are the 2 main types of LTM
- Implicit memory
| - Explicit memory
49
What is explicit memory
Memories acquired and used unconsciously
50
What is implicit memory
conscious, intentional recollection of factual information
51
What is retroactive interference
Current attempts to learn something interfere with past learning
52
What is proactive interference
Past learning interferes with current attempts to learn something
53
What did Underwood (1957) find after pps memorised 10 or more lists
After 24hours they only remembered 20% of it
54
What did Underwood (1957) find after pps memorised 1 list
They remembered 70% of it
55
When is interference strongest
When items are similar
56
What are the 2 theories of forgetting
- Decay theory
| - retrieval failure
57
What does the decay theory suggest
Memories fade due to the passage of time
58
What does the retrieval failure theory suggest
Memories are in the LTM but cannot be accessed
59
What is a cue
Anything that can help you remember
60
What is forgetting in LTM mainly due to
retrieval failure
61
Who conducted the leading questions study
Loftus and Palmer
62
What year was the leading questions study conducted
1974
63
How many students were shown the traffic accident
45
64
How many different traffic accidents were shown
7
65
What verbs were used to describe the traffic accident
- Smashed
- collided
- bumped
- hit
- contacted
66
What was the mean speed estimate when the verb smashed was used
40.8 mph
67
What was the mean speed estimate when the verb collided was used
39.3 mph
68
What was the mean speed estimate when the verb bumped was used
38.1 mph
69
What was the mean speed estimate when the verb hit was used
34 mph
70
What was the mean speed estimate when the verb contacted was used
31.8 mph
71
What was the 2nd study they did on a car crash
ask misleading questions on if there was nay broken glass
72
How many groups were they split up into on the broken glass study
3
73
How long did the participants wait to return to the broken glass study
1 week
74
How many questions were they asked when they returned
10 questions
75
What was the only question out of the 10 that was important
Did you see any broken glass in the film
76
What did they find about the broken glass question
That those who thought the car was going faster, more of them said they remember broken glass
77
What did the Loftus and Palmer study find about leading questions
They did actually change your memory of the event
78
What is a leading question
A question that suggests to the witness what answer is desired
79
What is a misleading question
Supplying info that may lead a witness memory for a crime to be altered
80
What is anxiety
Emotional state accompanied by increased HR and breathing rate
81
What is post event discussion
A discussion that happens after the event between eye witnesses that could affect the witness' memory for this event
82
Does anxiety have a positive or negative affect on memory
Negative
83
Which type of skills are not affected by stress/physiological arousal
Automatic skills
84
What did Johnson and Scott look at
Weapon focus effect and how is might reduce EWT accuracy
85
How does the weapon focus effect reduce EWT
distracts attention from other features therefore reduces the accuracy of identification
86
What were the 2 items Johnson and Scott used to test anxiety levels
Pen covered in grease (low anxiety)
| Knife covered in blood (high anxiety)
87
Where did Johnson and Scott ask participants to wait
In a waiting room
88
What happened in the room next to the waiting room in Johnson and Scott's experiment
An argument
89
What happened after the argument in the waiting room
Man came running through with one of the items (knife or pen)
90
What was the mean accuracy in identifying the man with the pen
49%
91
What was the accuracy in identifying the man with the knife
33%
92
What did Loftus et al. 1987 show about anxiety
It focuses attention on central features of a crime (eg weapon)
93
What did Christianson and Hubinette 1993 conduct a study about
Bank robberies in Sweden
94
How many people did Christianson and Hubinette interview
58
95
How long after the robbery were the interviews conducted
4-15 months
96
What did Christianson and Hubinette find about the witnesses recall
better than 75%
97
What did Christianson and Hubinette find about the witnesses who were most anxious
they had the best recall
98
what does Christianson and Hubinette's study show
That anxiety does not reduce accuracy of recall
