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Biology (cowy) > Section 2: Organisation And Maintenance Of The Organism > Flashcards

Section 2: Organisation And Maintenance Of The Organism Flashcards

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0
Q

Describe the structure of plant cell

A

Have cellulose wall
Permanent shape determined by the cell wall
Chloroplasts present in some cells
Large permanent vacuole containing cell sao
Nucleus at the side of the cell

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1
Q

What are living organisms made of?

A

Cells

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2
Q

Describe the structure of animal cell

A 
No cellulose wall
Shapes vary as there is no cell wall
No chloroplasts
Small vacuole, do not contain cell sao
Nucleus found anywhere within the cell
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3
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

Forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings
Keeps contents of cell inside
Allow simple substances to enter and leave
Controls movement of other substances into and out
Partially permeable

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4
Q

Function of chloroplast

A

Photosynthesis

Stores starch

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5
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Controls all activities in the cell

Controls ho cell develop

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6
Q

Function of cytoplasm

A

Place where chemical reactions take place

Eg. Respiration and making proteins for the cell

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7
Q

Function of cell wall

A

Stops cells from bursting when they fill with water
Gives shape to cells
Fully permeable

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8
Q

Function of sap vacuole

A

Full of water to maintain shape and firmness of cell

Stores salts and sugars

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9
Q

Describes ciliated cells

A

Found in the the air passages in the lungs
Have cilia on their surfaces
Cilia beat back and forth to create a current in the fluid next to the cell surfaces
Move the mucus that traps dust and pathogens up the nose and throat

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10
Q

Describe root hair cell

A

Function: absorb water and ions from the soil

Have elongated shape and long extension for more surface area

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11
Q

Describe xylem vessel

A

Cylindrical and empty
Arranged into columns like pipe
The cell walls are thickened with bands or spirals of cellulose and a waterproof material called lignin
This cell allow water and ions to move from the roots to the rest of the plant and support the stem and leaves
No cytoplasm so water passes freely

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12
Q

describe muscle cells

A

Make up fibre that are able to shorten or contract
When contract they move bones at joints
Function: contract to get structure closer together

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13
Q

Describe red blood cell

A

Contain the protein hemoglobin that carries oxygen
Shaped like flattened disc
This shape provides a large surface area which makes for efficient absorption of oxygen
No nucleus
Biconcave shape

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14
Q

Define tissue

A

Group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform specific functions

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15
Q

Define organ

A

A structure made up a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions

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16
Q

Define organs system

A

A group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions

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17
Q

Define cell

A

The smallest part of a living structures that can operate as an independent unit

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18
Q

How to calculate size of specimen

A

Actual size= image size: magnification

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19
Q

Define diffusion

A

Net movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a eg ion of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random movement

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20
Q

What is passive movement?

A

When cells do not need to use energy to move the molecules

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21
Q

Define active transport

A

Movement of ions in or out of a cell through the cell membrane, from a region of their lower concentration to region of their higher concentration against a concentration gradient , using energy released during respiration

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22
Q

Define osmosis

A

Diffusion of water molecules from a region of their higher concentration (dilute) to a region of their lower concentration (concentrated), through a partly permeable membrane

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23
Q

What happen if plant cells are placed into a concentrated sugar solution?

A

Water passes out by osmosis
These cells are no longer firm - become flaccid
As the vacuole shrinks, the cell membrane moves away from the cell wall
The cell is now plasmolysed

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24
What happen when animal cells is put in distiller water
Water passes into the cell by osmosis | Animal cells have no cell wall to stop them swelling so they burst
25
What happen when animal cells is put into a concentrated salt solution
They shrink as water passes out of the cells by osmosis
26
What is water potential gradient
The ability of water to move by osmosis which influenced by how much water is available
27
What is catalyst?
A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction and is not changed by the reaction
28
What is enzymes?
Proteins that function as biological catalyst
29
4 important properties of enzymes
They are all proteins Each enzyme catalysts one reaction They can be used again and again They are influenced by temperature and ph
30
What is substrate?
Substances that enzymes work on
31
What is active site?
The reaction takes place on part of the surface of the enzyme
32
Describe the lock and key model
``` Only a substrate molecule with a shape that fits into the active sit will take part in the reaction catalyze by this enzymes Other substrate= wrong shape -> don't take part in reaction The substrate (key) must have a shape that fits exactly into the active site ( key hole) of the enzyme (lock) ```
33
What is optimum temperature
The temperature at which the maximum rate of reaction occurs
34
Effect of high temperature on enzymes
High temperature -> greater kinetic energy -> move around more quickly -> mor chances of colliding -> the substrate bind to the active site and the reaction take place in less time
35
When do enzymes denature?
At higher temperature than optimum temperature, the bonds holding the enzyme molecule together start to break down The active site change shape and substrate no longer fit and the enzyme can no longer catalyze the reaction
36
Effect of ph on enzymes
The enzymes can denature if the ph is too low or too high | Enzymes have an optimum pH too
37
What is complex carbohydrate
Form by joining 3 or more simple sugar molecules together by chemical bond They are insoluble and not sweet Eg. Starch and glycogen
38
What elements make up carbohydrates?
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
39
What elements make up protein ?
``` Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Some have Sulfur ```
40
What is protein?
A long chain molecules make up of smaller molecules called amino acids Each individual amino acid joins the chain by a chemical bond called a peptide bonds
41
What elements make up fat
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
42
What molecules make up fat?
1 molecule oh glycerol and attached to this are 3 fatty acids Use for energy storage and thermal insulation in body
43
How do we test for starch?
Put 2-3 drops of iodine solution (yellow/light brown) ✅ solution turns blue-black ❌ remains the original color
44
How do we test for protein?
5-6 drops of biuret solution ✅ purple/violet or lilac ❌ remains blue
45
How do we test for fats?
Add ethanol ✅ white emulsion which is cloudy white/ milky color ❌ nothing happen
46
How do we test for reducing sugar
Add a few drops of benedict's solution and heat for 2-3 minutes ✅ green: contains little, deep orange: contains a lot ❌stay bright blue color
47
Source and importance of carbohydrates
Provide a ready source of energy that is easily respired Sugars are absorbed immediately into the blood and give an immediate source of energy Source: rice, potatoes, bread, sugar
48
Source and importance of fat
Long term energy store Store under the skin and around the heart and kidney When we are short of energy our body uses fat Good thermal insulator and cut down heat loss Building material Buoyancy to marine animal Source: butter, cheese, nut
49
Source and importance of protein
Make new cells for grow and develop and repair For energy Source: meat, fish, milk
50
Source and importance of vitamin C
Tissue repair Resistance to disease Source: oranges, lemons, pineapple Production of fibre
51
Source and importance of vitamin D
Absorption of calcium Strengthens bones and teeth Source: fish oil, milk, butter
52
Source and importance of calcium
Strengthen bones and teeth | Source: green vegetables, milk, fish
53
Source and importance of iron
Used in formation of hemoglobin in red blood cells for transport of oxygen Source: meat, eggs, liver
54
Source and importance of fibre
Made up of cellulose Provides bulk for fences, helps peristalsis Prevent constipation Absorbs poisonous wastes from bacteria in gut Reduces the risk of heart disease and bowel cancer Source: cereals, cabbage, sweet corn
55
Source and importance of water
``` Die in a few day without water Chemical reactions to take place in solutions Water in sweat cool us down Solvent for transport Source: drinks, food ```
56
Deficiency symptoms of vitamin C
Scurvy - bleeding gum Pale skin Sunken eyes
57
Deficiency symptoms of vitamin D
Rickets (legs bow outward) | Soft bones
58
Deficiency symptoms of calcium
Rickets, weak and brittle bones and teeth, muscle weakness and cramps
59
Deficiency symptoms of iron
Tiredness | Lack of energy - anaemia
60
Define photosynthesis
Fundamental process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light
61
Word equation for photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water ---(light+chlorophyll)---> glucose + oxygen
62
Balanced equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O ---light +chlorophyll---> C6H2O6 + 6O2
63
Describe the intake of water
Water enters through root hair cells Water goes into roots by osmosis Water transport through the root to the rest of the plant and is transported up by xylem tube
64
Describe the intake of carbon dioxide
Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis by having a large surface area, and contain stomata to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leave
65
Function of chlorophyll
Trap slight energy and converts it into chemical energy for the formation of carbohydrates and their subsequent storage
66
Define limiting factor
Something present in the environment in such short supply that it restricts life process
67
3 factors that limit the speed of Photosynthesis
Light intensity Carbon dioxide concentration Temperature
68
describe one way to increase the concentration of carbon dioxide
Pump CO2 into glasshouse | Burn butane or natural gas
69
What is optimum temperature?
The point when maximum rate of photosynthesis occurs | Higher temperature -> rate of photosynthesis decease bc the enzymes in the chloroplast denatured
70
describe leaf structure
A large surface area to absorbs light Thin shape so gases can diffuse easily Many chloroplast to absorb light for the reactions that take place in photosynthesis Have veins to carry water & ions and take sucrose and amino acids away from the leaf
71
Describe cuticle
Made of wax - water proof -> stop any loss of water | Secreted by cells of the upper epidermis
72
Describe the upper epidermis
Thin and transparent -> let light through No chloroplast Barrier to disease organism to protect the cell below
73
Describe the palisade mesophyll
Main region for photosynthesis Close to the top - get a lot of light Cells are long and packed with chloroplast to trap light energy Receive co2 fro, air spaces in spongy mesophyll by diffusion
74
Describe the spongy mesophyll
Cells are irregular shape and loosely packed to create air space Contain less chloroplast than palisade Air spaces between cells allow gaseous exchange by diffusion Lower so get less sunlight
75
Describe the vascular bundle
The leaf vein, made up of Xylem and phloem Xylem: water and mineral Phloem: sugar and amino acid Water is absorbed from the soil through osmosis Water moves up the plant due to evaporate at the leave This is called transpiration Support the plant
76
Describe lower epidermis
Acts as a protective layers Stomata are present to regulate the loss of water vapor Site of gaseous exchange into and out of the leaf
77
Stomata
Surrounded by pair of guard cells which control whether the stomata is open or close Water pass out during transpiration Co2 diffuse in and O2 diffuse out during photosynthesis - gas exchange
78
The important of nitrate ions
For protein synthesis Nitrates ion from the soil combine with glucose to form amino acids Amino acids bond together to creat protein
79
Deficiency of nitrate ion?
Poor growth, weak stem,leaves become yellow, lower leaves, and pale green, upper leaves
80
Importance of magnesium ions for plant
For chlorophyll synthesis | each chlorophyll contains 1 mg atom
81
Deficiency of magnesium in plant?
Leaves turn yellow from the bottom of the stem upwards and eventually stop photosynthesis
82
Uses of nitrogen fertilizer for plant?
Fertilizer replace the missing nutrients Helps grow faster, increase in size and become greener, healthier, increase crop yield Provide nitrogen in the form of nitrate ions, or ammonium ions needed for protein synthesis
83
Danger of overusing nitrogen fertilizer
Eutrophication - nitrogen leaches out of soil and enter a nearby river (cause by rain). Create a layer of green algae on the surface -> lack of light -> Aqua plant can't photosynthesis -> plant die. Decompose multiply and respite using O2 -> death of Aqua animal from lack of O2

Biology (cowy) (6 decks)

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