Section 2 - Particles and Quantum Phenomena

Question 1

What are the constituents of an atom?

Answer 1

Protons and Neutrons (in the nucleus)
Electrons orbiting.

Question 2

What is an isotope?

Answer 2

Same proton number, different nucleon number.

Question 3

What is the atomic number?

Answer 3

Number of protons

Question 4

What is the mass number?

Answer 4

Number of protons and neutrons

Question 5

What is specific charge?

Answer 5

Charge(Q) / Mass(kg)

Question 6

What are the 4 fundamental forces?

Answer 6

Electromagnetic, Gravity, Strong Nuclear Force, Weak Force

Question 7

What is the range of the Strong Nuclear Force?

Answer 7

Repulsive : 0-0.5 fm
Attractive : 0.5 - 4 fm

Question 8

What is the range of a gravitational field?

Answer 8

Infinite

Question 9

What is the range for an electromagnetic force?

Answer 9

Infinite

Question 10

Rank the 4 fundamental forces in terms of strength. Strongest to Weakest

Answer 10

1. Strong Nuclear Force
2. Electromagnetic
   3.Weak Force
   4.Gravity

Question 11

What does the SNF affect?

Answer 11

Hadrons

Question 12

What does gravity affect?

Answer 12

Masses

Question 13

What does the weak force affect?

Answer 13

Leptons and Hadrons

Question 14

What does the Electromagnetic force affect?

Answer 14

Charges

Question 15

True or False the SNF does not conserve strangeness?

Answer 15

False

Question 16

True or False the Weak Force does not conserve strangeness?

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Force carrier for the SNF?

Answer 17

Pion+ , Pion0 , Pion-

Question 18

Force carrier for the weak force?

Answer 18

W+,W0,W-

Question 19

Force carrier for EM?

Answer 19

Virtual photon

Question 20

Range of a virtual photon?

Answer 20

Infinite

Question 21

How heavy is a W boson?

Answer 21

Heavier than a copper nucleus

Question 22

Does a W boson have a short range or a long range?

Answer 22

Short range

Question 23

Equation for power of a laser?

Answer 23

n.h.f

Question 24

What are anti-particles?

Answer 24

Particles that have the same charge ,mass and will annihilate when it collides with its matter particle.

Question 25

What is rest energy?

Answer 25

The energy due to rest mass

Question 26

What is the process of converting mass to energy called?

Answer 26

Annihilation

Question 27

What is the process of converting energy to mass?

Answer 27

Pair production

Question 28

What is annihilation?

Answer 28

A particle and an anti-particle collide. They produce two photons. Travelling in opposite directions. To conserve momentum.

Question 29

What is pair production?

Answer 29

A single photon produces a particle and an anti-particle pair.

Question 30

Draw the feynmann diagram for electron repulsion

Answer 30

Check Notes

Question 31

Draw the feynmann diagram for proton repulsion

Answer 31

Check Notes

Question 32

Draw the feynmann diagram for electron capture

Answer 32

Check Notes

Question 33

Draw the feynmann diagram for neutron-neutrino

Answer 33

Check Notes

Question 34

Draw the feynmann diagram for proton- anti-neutrino

Answer 34

Check Notes

Question 35

Draw the feynmann diagram for Beta+ decay

Answer 35

Check Notes

Question 36

Draw the feynmann diagram for Beta- decay

Answer 36

Check Notes

Question 37

What are leptons?

Answer 37

Fundamental Particle

Question 38

Examples of leptons

Answer 38

Muon, electron,positron

Question 39

What are Hadrons

Answer 39

Particle made up of quarks

Question 40

What are the two types of Hadrons?

Answer 40

Meson, Baryon

Question 41

How many Quarks does a baryon have?

Answer 41

3

Question 42

How many quarks does a meson have?

Answer 42

2: 1 quark, 1 anti-quark

Question 43

What is the most stable baryon?

Answer 43

Proton

Question 44

What quarks is a pion+ made up of ?

Answer 44

up , anti-down

Question 45

What quarks is a pion- made up of ?

Answer 45

down, anti-up

Question 46

What quarks is a pion0 made up of ?

Answer 46

up, anti-up or down, anti-down or strange, anti-strange

Question 47

What quarks is a Kaon+ made up of ?

Answer 47

up , anti-strange

Question 48

What quarks is a Kaon- made up of ?

Answer 48

anti-up, strange

Question 49

What quarks is a Kaon0 made up of ?

Answer 49

anti-down, strange

Question 50

List types of Kaon decay.

Answer 50

K -> pi K -> mu + anti-neutrino K -> anti-mu + neutrino

Question 51

List types of Pion decay.

Answer 51

K -> mu + anti-neutrino K -> anti-mu + neutrino

Question 52

Equation for decay of a Muon

Answer 52

electron + anti-neutrino(e) + neutrino(mu)

Question 53

What are the values that are conserved?

Answer 53

Charge Baryon Number Strangeness (only in strong interaction) lepton number Energy Momentum Lepton flavour

Question 54

What does the photoelectric effect prove?

Answer 54

It proves that light can act like a particle.

Question 55

What is stopping potential?

Answer 55

The minimum pd required to stop photo-electric emission

Question 56

What is a conduction electron?

Answer 56

A free electron in a metal that isn't moving

Question 57

What is excitation?

Answer 57

When an electron moves up an energy level

Question 58

What is an ion?

Answer 58

A charged particle

Question 59

Two ways that an ion is formed?

Answer 59

Collisions with electrons Collisions with photons

Question 60

Are energy levels discrete or continuous?

Answer 60

Discrete

Question 61

Explain excitation by electron collision.

Answer 61

1 to 1 collision with an electron. Its energy must be greater than the energy level to excite.

Question 62

Explain excitation by photon absorption.

Answer 62

1 to 1 interaction with a photon. Photon energy must be the exact energy need to excite to an energy level. As photon can not be partially absorbed.

Question 63

Explain the process of fluorescence.

Answer 63

* Mercury gas is trapped in the tube. * A pd is applied across the tube. * This causes a flow of electrons to floe through the tube. * Electrons collide with the mercury atoms. * Mercury atoms excite and the de-excite to release uv photons * UV photons then absorbed by the phosphorus coating of the tube. * Coating excites then de-excites realeasing photons of multiple wavelengths (White light).

Question 64

What does a line emission spectra show?

Answer 64

It shows the wavelengths of photons released from de-exciting electrons.

Question 65

What does a line absorption spectra show?

Answer 65

Continuous spectra of dark lines that represents wavelengths that are absorbed.

Question 66

Proof that electrons have wave like properties

Answer 66

Electron diffraction

Question 67

Proof that electrons have particle like properties

Answer 67

Photoelectric effect

Question 68

What is the De Broile wavelength?

Answer 68

Lambda is proportional to 1/momentum. anything with mass has a wavelength.

Question 69

What is the lowest energy level called?

Answer 69

Ground state

Question 70

What is the highest energy level called?

Answer 70

Ionisation state

Question 71

How does a dishcarge tube work?

Answer 71

* High pd accross tube accelerates electrons * Electrons now have high KE and atoms hydrogen atoms inside can absorb the electron energy and excite to a higer energy level * de-exitation transitions can then relsease photons with energy that correspond to the size of the energy gap

Question 72

Why are energy levels negative?

Answer 72

To become free/to remove an electron (reach zero energy) energy has to be supplied