Section 26.2 (Exam 2)

Question 1

What did plants need to survive on land?

Answer 1

Water transport mechanisms
Physical support
Mechanisms to distribute gametes and progeny
A way to avoid desiccation

Question 2

What are cuticles?

Answer 2

waxy coating that retards water loss (lipid-based)

Question 3

What are stomata?

Answer 3

openings in stems and leaves that regulate gas exchange and water loss

Question 4

What are gametangia?

Answer 4

organs that enclose gametes

Question 5

One adaptation of land plants is a protective structure around the _________.

Answer 5

embryo

Question 6

What is the function of thick spore walls?

Answer 6

preventing desiccation and decay

Question 7

What adaptation of land plants can protect against UV radiation?

Answer 7

pigments

Question 8

What benefit do land plants derive from association with fungi like mycorrhizae?

Answer 8

better nutrient uptake from the soil

Question 9

Growing roots can contribute to the mechanical breakdown of ______.

Answer 9

soil

Question 9

Organic material from dead plants contributes to ___________________.

Answer 9

soil formation

Question 9

Acid secreted by ancient plants helped break down rock, which contributed to ___________________.

Answer 9

soil formation

Question 10

Haploid gametes fuse to form a __________ via _____________.

Answer 10

zygote; fertilization

Question 11

Alternation of generations occurs in ________________.

Answer 11

all land plants

Question 12

Gametophytes produce ________________ by mitosis.

Answer 12

haploid gametes

Question 13

After mitosis, the zygote ultimately becomes a ________________________.

Answer 13

diploid sporophyte

Question 14

The diploid sporophyte produces ____________ by meiosis.

Answer 14

haploid spores

Question 15

Spores germinate and divide by mitosis and produce _________________.

Answer 15

the haploid gametophyte

Question 16

Multicellular diploid plant is the _____________.

Answer 16

sporophyte

Question 17

Cells within the _____________, a specialized reproductive organ, undergo meiosis to produce haploid, unicellular spores.

Answer 17

sporangia

Question 18

Spores develop into a multicellular haploid plant, the _________________.

Answer 18

gametophyte

Question 19

Evolutionary trends show a _____________ of the gametophyte generation.

Answer 19

reduction

Question 20

In non-vascular plants, the gametophyte is __________________________________ than the sporophyte. In plants that appeared later, this is reversed.

Answer 20

longer-lived and more self-sufficient

Question 21

Non-vascular plants, also called bryophytes, transport water through ____________.

Answer 21

diffusion

Question 22

Non-vascular plants, or bryophytes, have a thin __________ and live in moist environments.

Answer 22

cuticle

Question 23

Non-vascular plants, or bryophytes, lack true ____________________.

Answer 23

leaves, stems, and roots.

Question 24

What are non-vascular plants also known as?

Answer 24

Bryophytes

Question 25

Sporophytes are always ____________ dependent on the gametophyte and are permanently attached; they produce spores in a ________________.

Answer 25

nutritionally; sporangium

Question 26

Gametophytes are photosynthetic, the male and female gametes are produced in different structures called the ____________________________.

Answer 26

antheridia and archegonia

Question 27

Sperm from the antheridia can only fertilize the egg within the archegonium in the presence of _______. This is only the case in plants without seeds, everything except for ________________________________.

Answer 27

water; gymnosperms and angiosperms

Question 28

Spores germinate in the ________________, otherwise they remain dormant.

Answer 28

ideal conditions

Question 29

Germinating spores of moss grow a bud. What does this bud grow into?

Answer 29

Gametophytes

Question 30

What is protonema?

Answer 30

filamentous structure of a moss that contains chlorophyll (photosynthetic)

Question 31

What is a rhizoid in bryophytes?

Answer 31

A root-like structure in bryophytes that helps anchor the plant to the substrate and absorb water

Question 32

Some of these bryophytes have leafy gametophytes and are thalloid.

Answer 32

Liverworts

Question 33

The ______________ of liverworts are only a few millimeters high.

Answer 33

sporophytes

Question 34

What is a thalloid structure?

Answer 34

It is leaflike and lies flat on the ground.

Question 35

In liverworts, a stalk raises the ___________ above ground level to allow spores to be dispersed.

Answer 35

sporangium

Question 36

Liverworts reproduce ___________ by ________________ of the gametophyte

Answer 36

asexually; fragmentation

Question 37

What are gemmae?

Answer 37

lens-shaped clumps of cells, sometimes in cup shapes. They are dispersed by raindrops and lead to growth of a new plant, like seeds.

Question 38

Mosses have ________ which are important in water and gas exchange.

Answer 38

stomata

Question 39

Stomata are present in mosses and other land plants except for _____________.

Answer 39

liverworts

Question 40

Gametophytes of moss begin development as a __________.

Answer 40

protonema

Question 41

Some mosses have specialized cells called _________, which die and form channels through which water can move. This is useful for mosses that grow too large for diffusion to be effective.

Answer 41

hydroids

Question 42

Sphagnum moss likes to grow in ___________________.

Answer 42

cool, swampy places

Question 43

Upper layers of moss can compress lower layers that are decomposing, which forms _____.

Answer 43

peat

Question 44

How can peat be used?

Answer 44

it can be burned as fuel

Question 45

The gametophytes of __________ are flat plates of cells.

Answer 45

hornworts

Question 46

What do the green sporophytes of hornworts look like?

Answer 46

small horns

Question 47

Cells of hornworts have a single, large ___________. Liverworts and mosses have many.

Answer 47

chloroplast

Question 48

The hornwort sporophyte has a basal region capable of indefinite ________________.

Answer 48

cell division or growth

Question 49

Hornworts have specialized internal cavities. _____________________ live in these cavities.

Answer 49

Symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria (heterocysts)

Question 50

In plants, the diploid and haploid stages of the life cycle both include ______________ individuals, and gametes are produced by _________.

Answer 50

multicellular; mitosis