Section 27.3 (Exam 2)

Question 1

Angiosperms (“enclosed seeds”) have ________________.

Answer 1

flowers and fruits

Question 2

After fertilization, the ovary of an angiosperm develops into a ___________.

Answer 2

true fruit

Question 3

Ovules and seeds are enclosed in a modified _______ called a _________.

Answer 3

leaf;carpel

Question 4

What is the function of the carpel?

Answer 4

Provide protection for the ovules and seeds and prevent self-pollination

Question 5

In angiosperms, the female gametophyte is highly reduced, usually only ________.

Answer 5

7 cells

Question 6

The xylem of most angiosperms has specialized _____________________________.

Answer 6

water-transporting vessel elements

Question 7

Xylem in angiosperms has _____________ that provide support.

Answer 7

fiber cells

Question 8

Woody angiosperms have _____________ growth that increases their stem diameter.

Answer 8

secondary

Question 9

In angiosperms, phloem has unique cells called ____________ cells.

Answer 9

companion

Question 10

Name some synapomorphies of angiosperms that can differentiate them from gymnosperms.

Answer 10

Germination of pollen on a stigma

Double fertilization

Triploid endosperm that is nutritive tissue for the embryo

Phloem with companion cells

Question 11

Flowers are the sexual structures of _____________.

Answer 11

angiosperms

Question 12

A group of flowers form a ______________.

Answer 12

florescence

Question 13

All parts of a flower are modified _______.

Answer 13

leaves

Question 14

Stamens, consisting of filament and anther, bear the ________________.

Answer 14

microsporangia

Question 15

Carpels, (also called pistil) bear ____________.

Answer 15

megasporangia

Question 16

________ consist of the stigma, style, and ovary.

Answer 16

Carpels

Question 17

What are the 4 organs of a flower?

Answer 17

Sepals, petals, stamens and carpels

Question 18

What are all the petals of a flower collectively called? All the sepals?

Answer 18

Corolla; calyx

Question 19

What is the role of petals and sepals?

Answer 19

Attracting animals pollinators

Question 20

What is a common role of the calyx (all the sepals collectively)?

Answer 20

protecting the immature flower in the bud

Question 21

Early diverging flowers also have _______.

Answer 21

tepals

Question 22

What are the two types of flowers?

Answer 22

Perfect and imperfect

Question 23

What differentiates perfect flowers?

Answer 23

They have both the male and female sporangia on the same flower, (not on the same plant and separate flowers)

Question 24

What differentiates imperfect flowers?

Answer 24

They don’t have megasporangia and microsporangia on the same flower.

Question 25

What are monoecious flowers?

Answer 25

male and female flowers grow on the same plant, (not the same flower)

Question 26

What are the two types of imperfect flowers?

Answer 26

Monoecious and dioecious flowers

Question 27

What are dioecious flowers?

Answer 27

male and female flowers grow on different plants

Question 28

Evolution has also favored flowers with _____ styles and filaments.

Answer 28

long

Question 29

Natural selection has favored longer styles and filaments in flowers because it increases the likelihood of ___________.

Answer 29

pollination

Question 30

Most angiosperms are pollinated by ________.

Answer 30

animals

Question 31

Why do a longer style and filaments increase likelihood of pollination in flowers?

Answer 31

Making them more accessible to insects and easier to catch the wind (pollen)

Question 32

Many flowers entice pollinators with nectar and pollen as ______________.

Answer 32

food rewards

Question 33

Plants and their pollinators ____________.

Answer 33

coevolved

Question 34

Flowers can specialize based on their pollinators. What specializations do bee-pollinated flowers have?

Answer 34

They are often red and odorless. They often have conspicuous markings or nectar guides that are only visible to bees.

Question 35

Insect-pollinated flowers have a characteristic _____.

Answer 35

odor

Question 36

Which type of plants undergo double fertilization?

Answer 36

angiosperms

Question 37

What is characteristic of the pollen grains that are involved in double fertilization?

Answer 37

They have two sperms

Question 38

In double fertilization, one sperm combines with the ______ to produce a diploid zygote. The other sperm combines with ___________ to form the _____________________.

Answer 38

egg; 2 haploid nuclei; triploid endosperm

Question 39

In angiosperms, the endosperm provides food for the ____________.

Answer 39

early embryo

Question 40

The embryo of angiosperms consists of two parts:

Answer 40

Embryonic axis that forms the stem and root, and cotyledons which become the first leaves.

Question 41

The ovule is protected within the ________.

Answer 41

carpel

Question 42

What are the steps to seed formation in angiosperms, starting with pollination?

Answer 42

Pollination --> Pollen tube formation --> Fertilization

Question 43

Megasporangium (2n) house the _____________.

Answer 43

megasporocyte (2n)

Question 44

The megasporocyte (2n) produces 4 _____________ via meiosis. One of these develops into the female gametophyte, the egg, and the other 3 degenerate.

Answer 44

megaspores (1n)

Question 45

Microsporangium (2n) house _____________.

Answer 45

microsporocytes (2n)

Question 46

Microsporocytes (2n) produce 4 ______________ via meiosis. Most of these develop into the male gametophyte, the sperm.

Answer 46

microspores (1n)

Question 47

Name 4 ways fruits can aid in seed dispersal.

Answer 47

Attaching to animal (burrs) Being eaten by animals (berries) Floating on water (coconuts) Traveling on wind (maple seeds)

Question 48

A fruit could consist of only the mature ______________, but it may also consist of the other parts of the flower or associated structures.

Answer 48

ovary and seeds

Question 49

What are simple fruits?

Answer 49

they develop from one carpel

Question 50

What are aggregate fruits?

Answer 50

the develop from several carpels of a single flower

Question 51

What are multiple fruits?

Answer 51

they form from a cluster of flowers

Question 52

What are accessory fruits?

Answer 52

they develop from parts in addition to carpels and seeds

Question 53

What are the 4 types of fruit that are classified because of what they develop from?

Answer 53

simple, aggregate, multiple, and accessory

Question 54

Name two example of simple fruits.

Answer 54

plums and cherries

Question 55

Name an example of an aggregate fruit.

Answer 55

raspberries

Question 56

Name two examples of multiple fruits.

Answer 56

pineapples and figs

Question 57

Name three examples of accessory fruits.

Answer 57

apples, pears, and strawberries

Question 58

What are the two major clades of angiosperms?

Answer 58

monocots and eudicots

Question 59

The two major clades of angiosperms, monocots and eudicots, are divided based on how many cotyledons they have. What are cotyledons, and what is their function?

Answer 59

They absorb nutrition from the endosperm, and they are the first leaves that can perform photosynthesis after germination.

Question 60

How many cotyledons do monocots have?

Answer 60

one

Question 61

How many cotyledons do eudicots have?

Answer 61

two

Question 62

What are the 4 main differences between monocots and eudicots?

Answer 62

Number of cotyledons Leaf vein patterns Number of petals on flowers Arrangement of vascular bundles

Question 63

What is the leaf vein pattern of monocots? Of eudicots?

Answer 63

Monocots have parallel leaf veins. Eudicots have branching leaf veins.

Question 64

How can you tell whether an angiosperm is a monocot or eudicot by looking at its flower petals?

Answer 64

If it's a monocot, the number of petals will be divisible by 3. If it's a eudicot, the number of petals will be divisible by 4 or 5.

Question 65

How can you tell whether an angiosperm is a monocot or eudicot by looking at the arrangement of its vascular bundles?

Answer 65

Monocots have scattered vascular bundles. Eudicots have circular vascular bundles.