Section 3 Flashcards by Gitanjali Sharma

What is quanrirative data?

Numerical values e.g reaction time or number of mistakes

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Advantage and disadvantage of quantative data

Easier to analuse: Cna draw graphs and average , can ‘eyeball’ data and patterns at glance
Oversimplifies behaviour : e.g use scale for feelings , individual meaning lost

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What is qualitative data?

Non-numerical data expressed in words

e.g extract from diary

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Advantage and disadvantage of qualatative data:

Represents complexities: More detail plus feelings , can also include info unexpected
Less easy to analyse: Large amount of detail difficult to summarise and draw conclusions from

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What is primary data?

‘First hand’ data collected for the purpose of investigation

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Advantage and disadvantage of primary data:

Fits the job: study desgined to extract only data needed as information is directly relevant to aims
Requires time and effort: Design may involve pllaning and preparation as secondary data acessed within minutes

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What is secondary data?

Collected by someone other than person who is conducting the researche.g taken from journal articles , books , websites

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Advantage and disadvantage with secondary data

Inexpensive: Desired information may already exist , requires minial effort and inexpensive
Quality might be poor: Info incomplete or outdate so challenges validity of findings

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What is meta-analysis?

Type of secondary data that involves combing data from large number of studies

Calculation of effect size

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What is a table used for?

Raw scores are displayed on columns and rows

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What is a bar chart?

Caterrgories (discrete data) usually placed on x and freq on y

Height of column represent frequency of that item

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What is a histogram?

Bars that touch each other data is continous rather than discrete

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What is a scattergrah?

Used for correlational analysis

Each dot represent one pair of related data

data must be continous

MUST BE CORRELATION/RELATIONSHIP IN TITLE

NO LINE OF BEST FIT

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What are the two measures of dispersion?

/Range

Standard deviation

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What happens the bigger the range?

Bigger range of results

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What is the standard deviation?

Measure of average of spread around the mean

Larger SD , more spread out data

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What are the three central tendency?

Mean

Median

Mode

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What is mean?

Airthemtic average

Add up all score

deivide by number of scores

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Advantages of mean and disadvantages

Sensitive: Includes all scores in data set within calculation , overall impression of average than mode and median
Unrepresentative: Only one very large or small number makes it disorted , median and mode not disorted

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What is median?

The middle value , places scores in ascening order and select middle value

If two values in middle , mean is calculated

Advantage and disadvantage of median

Advantage: Unaffected by extreme scores as only focused on middle value so more representative as a whole

Less senstive than mean: Not all scores included so extreme values may be important

What is mode?

Most frequent/common value used with categorial/nominal data

Advantage and disadvantage of mdoe

Relevant to caterogical data: When it is discrete , mode is only approperiate
Overly simple measure: Many modes in data set , not useful when describing many sets to use mode

What is range?

Difference between highest to lowest value

Advantages and disadvantages of ranges:

* Easy to calculate as arrange values , simple formula than SD * Does not account for disturbition fo scores , does not indicate whether most numbers are closely grouped or spread out evenly - SD is better dispersion

Advantages and disadvantages of standard devistion

More precise: includes all values in calculation , more accurate picture of data set Misleading; 'Hide' some characteristic of data as extreme values not releaved unlike range

What is correlation analysis?

Measure strength and direction of relationsgio between two variables

What is co-variable?

Variables that have been used up when looking at correlations

What is positive correlation?

As one variables rises , other variables increases

What is negative correlation?

As on variable increases other variable decreases

What is zero correlation?

No relationship between variables

What is difference between correlation and experiment?

Ex : Establish cause and effect Correlation; Relationship between variables

How to analyse correlational analysis values?

+/- -positive or negative correlation close to 1 - strong closer to 0 - weaker if -1 to -0.7 - statistically significant 0.7 to 1 - statistically significant

Advantage and disadvantage of correlation

1. Useful point for research as assess strength and direction of relationship so provide precise measurements - if strongly suggested it would suggest hypothesis 2. No cause and effect are casual as they may be other intervening variables explaining relationship

What is normal disturbtion?

Symmetrical spread of freq data forming bell-shape pattern Mean median mode located at highest peak

What is skewed disturbution?

A spreaf of frequency data that is not symmetrical data clusters to one end

What is positive skew?

Type of disturbition in which long on positive right side of peak and most of disturbition is concentrated on lleft

What is negative skew?

Type of disturbition in which long is on negative (left) side and peak and most disturbition concentrated on right

Features of normal disturbition

1. Mean , median and mode is exact midpoint 2. Disturbition is symmetrical around midpoint 3. Disperison of scores of midpoint express in SD

Graph of normal , positive , negative disturbition

Instructions of sign test:

1. Conver the following into + , - , = 2. Total number of + , - 3. Total value of S: (lowest value of + and -) 4. Value of N (total number of scores ignoring =) 5. Compare N value with critical value 6. Calculated S = or less than critical value to be significant

What determine + - =

Minus column if negative number - If positive + If equal =

What is sign test look for?

* Look for difference of scores (not correlation) * Used repeated measure experimental design * Data organised in categories (nominal data)

What does 0.05 accepted probability

5% likely that difference due to chance

What should my critical value be?

EQUAL or LESS than table deemed signification (IV cause change in DV)

What is Peer Review?

When a psychological work is assessed by specialist in the same field to ensure any research intended fro publication is of high quality

What does peer review involve?

The written aprt of an investigation scuntiised by small group. These experts unknown to researcher should be objective and not influenced by their personal viewpoints/opnions