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NASM > Section 3: Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Section 3: Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Human Movement System

A

Muscular System, Nervous System, Skeletal System. Synonymous to Kinetic Chain.

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2
Q

Structure of a Neuron

A

Dendrites (receive messages from other neurons); Nucleus; Axon (carries messages); Myelin Shealth; Node; Synaptic Terminals

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3
Q

4 Primary Electrolytes that Help Transmit Nerve Impulses

A

Sodium, potassium, magnesium, and water.

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4
Q

Central Nervous System

A

CNS. consists of the brain and the spinal cord and its primary function is to coordinate the activity of all parts of the body.

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5
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

PNS. consists of nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of th ebody and the external environment. consists of 12 cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves (C1-8, T1-12, L1-5, S1-5, CGN), and sensory receptors. PNS is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

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6
Q

Efferent Pathway

A

made up of efferent neurons of the peripheral nervous system that relay information from the CNS back down to the rest of the body.

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7
Q

Interneurons

A

only located within the spinal cord and the brain. they transmit impulses bewteen the afferent and efferent neurons.

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8
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

specialized structures located throughout the body that convert environmental stimuli into sensory information that the brain and spinal cord use to produce a response. they use the afferent pathway to send information to the CNS. they are subdivided into mechanoreceptors, nocicptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors.

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9
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Sensory Receptors of the PNS that respond to mechanical forces. transmit signals through sensory nerves.

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10
Q

Nociceptors

A

sensory receptors of the PNS that respond to pain.

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11
Q

chemoreceptors

A

sensory receptors of the PNS that respond to chemical interaction (taste and smell)

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12
Q

photoreceptors

A

sensory receptors of the PNS that respond to light.

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13
Q

Nervous System Breakdown

A

NS –> CNS + PNS
PNS –> Somatic + Autonomic
ANS –> Sympathetic + Parasympathetic

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14
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Nerves that serve the outer areas of th ebody and skeletal muscle and is largely responsible fo rth evoluntary control of movement.

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15
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body. broken down into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

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16
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.

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17
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.

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18
Q

Proprioception

A

the body’s avility to nautrally sense its general orientation and the relative position of all its parts.

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19
Q

3 Primary Functions of the Nervous System

A
  1. Sensory: sense change in the environment
  2. Integrative: analyze and interpret sensory info.
  3. Motor: body’s response (via efferent pathways) to that integrated sensory info.
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20
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

sensory receptors within muscles that run parallel to the muscle fibers and are sensitive to changes in muscle length and rate of length change.

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21
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs

A

specialized sensory receptors located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle. they are sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of that tension change.

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22
Q

Joint Receptors

A

located in and around the joint capsule and they respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint. these receptors act to signal extreme joing positions and help to prevent injury.

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23
Q

Osteoporosis

A

a condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture. poor nutrition and physical inactivity contribute to osteoporosis.

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24
Q

Joints

A

The sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a resutl of muscle contraction.

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25
Axial Skeleton
one of the two divisions of the skeleton made up o fth eskull, rib cage, and vertebral column. consists of about 80 bones
26
Appendicular Skeleton
one of the two divisions of the skeleton. is made up of the arms, legs and pelvic girdle and consistots of about 126 bones.
27
Lever
the bones act as levers or rigid rods where muscles attach.
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Remodeling
Pthe process through which bone is renewed. Osteoclasts break down and remove old bone tissue and osteoblasts lay down new bone.
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Wolff's Law
Scientific explanation of how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone.
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Types of Bones
Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, Sesamoid
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Long Bones
Long cylindrical shaft with irregular or widened ends (humerus and femur)
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Short Bones
Similar in length and width and appear somewhat cubical in shape. (carpals and tarsals)
33
Flat Bones
Thin, protective surfaces that provide broad surfaces for muscles to attach (scapulae, sternum, ribs)
34
Irregular Bones
unique shape and function from all other bone types (tertebrae)
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Sesamoid Bone
Small, often round bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint (Patella)
36
Long Bone Anatomy
Articular Cartilage: cartilage that covers tha articular surfaces of bones Epiphysis: the end of long bones that contains red marrow that produces red blood cells and is also one fo the primary sites for bonegrowth. Diaphysis: the shaft portion of a long bone Epiphyseal Plate: the region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the ephiphysis Medullary Cavity: the central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored. Periosteum: a dense fibrous membrane that covers the bone, proides an attachment site for tendons, and contains nerves, blood vessels, and bone-producing cells.
37
Bone Markings
Depressions: flattened or indented portionsof the bone. Fossa: type of depression. Sulcus: type of depression - groove in a bone that allows soft tissue to pass through. Processes: projections where tendons and ligaments attach.
38
Depressions
Bone markings that are flattened or indented portions of the bone. two types of depressions are fossa and sulcus.
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Processes
bone markings projections protruding from the bone to which tendons and ligaments can attach. some of the more common processes are process, condyle, epicondyle, tubercle, and trochanter.
40
Vertebral Column
C1-7, T1-12, L1-5, S1-5, Coccyx
41
Cervical Spine
first seven vertebrae starting athe top fo the spinal column. form a flexible framework and provide support and motion for the head.
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Thoracic Spine
Twelve vertebrae in the upper and middle back behind the ribs. each vertebra articulates with a rib helping form the rear anchor or the rib cage. larger than cervical vertebrae and increase in size from top to botton.u
43
Lumbar Spine
Five vertebrae of the low-back below the thoracic spine. largest segments in the spinal column. support most of the body's weight and are attached to many back muscles.
44
Sacrum
Triangular vone located below the lumbar spine. composed of five certebrae that fuse rogther as the body develops into adulthood.
45
Coccyx
Located below the sacrum, more commonly known as the tailbone. composed of three to five small fused bones.
46
Intervertebral Discs
Made of fibrous cartilage that act as shock absorbers and allow the spine to move.
47
Neutral Spine
represents a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amoutnn of load dn can most optimally support functional movement. the adult human spine has three major curvatures: 1. Posterior (concave) certvical curve (hallowed or rounded inward) 2. Posterior (convex) thoracic curve (curved or rounded outward) 3. Posterior (concave) lumbar curve (hallowed or rounded inward)
48
Osteokinematics
movement of a limb that is visible
49
Arthrokinematics
the description of join surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.
50
Synovial Joint
most common joints associated with human movement. they comprise about 80% of all the joints in the body and have the greatest capacity for motion. they produce synovial fluid.
51
Nonaxial Joint
gliding joing. has the simplest movement of all joints. it moves either back and forth or side to side.
52
Types of Joints
Synovial: Hinge (one direction), Gliding Joing (simplest movement) Saddle (only in metacarpals joint in thumb), Pivot, Ball & Ball-and-Socket Joint (most mobile, all 3 directions), Nonsynovial Joints
53
Nonsynovial Joints
they have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure. exhibit little to no movement. an example includes sutures of the skull.
54
Ligaments
fibrous tissues that connect bone to bone and provide static and dynamic stability as well as sensory input to the nervous sytem that aids proprioception. primarily made up of collagen (parallel give ability to withstand tension) and elastin.
55
Growth Plate
A specialized cartilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth.
56
Types of Muscles
Cardiac: makes up the heart Smooth: primarily makes up the tissues of internal organs Skeletal Muscle: the type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates teh forces that create movement
57
Fascia
Connective Tissue that surrounds muscles and bones and connects them to other surrounding muscles. It is the first layer of skeletal muscle. Epimysium: inner layer surrounds entire msucle Perimysium: surrounds a muscle fascicle Endomysium: wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle.
58
Fascicles
the largest bundles of fibers within the muscle. they are surrounded by connective tissue called perimysium.
59
Role of Connective Tissues within the Muscle
plays a vital role in movement. they allow the forces generated by the msucle to be transmitted from the contractile components of the muscle to the bones, creating motion. it allows muscles to work together as functional groups, such as the four quadricep muscles working together to extend the knee. each layer of connective tissue extends the elngth of th emuscle, coming together at the ends to help form the tendon and attach to bones.
60
Strain vs Sprain
Strain: when a tendon is overstretched or torn Sprain: when a ligament is overstretched or torn.
61
Sacrolemma
within the endomysium of the fascicles, individual muscle fibers are themselves encased by a plasma membrane known as the sacolemma.
62
Glycogen
glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as teh liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate
63
Myoglobin
protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles.
64
Myofibrils
muscle fibers are made up of myofibrils wihch are the contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril.
65
Myofilaments
Myofibrils are made up of overlapping myofilaments that are the actual contractile components of muscle tissue. Actin: (thin, stringlike filaments) Myosin: ( thick tilaments )
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Sacromere
the structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two z-lines. the functional unit of the muscular system. the specific, physical site where muscle contraction occurs.
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Z-Line
the meeting point of each sacromere is known as the z-line, with each z-line denoting another sacromere along the myofibril.
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Muscle Anatomy Flow Chart
Muscle: bundle of fascicles surrounded by epimysium (deep fascia) connective tissue ↓ Fascicle: bundles of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium connective tissue ↓ Muscle fiber: a bundle of myofibrils surrounded by endomysium connective tissue ↓ Myofibril: a collection of repeating sarcomeres that contain myofilaments (actin and myosin) ↓ Sarcomere: a section of a myofibril between two Z-lines where muscle contraction physically occurs ↓ Myofilament: the individual protein structures, actin and myosin, that make up a myofibril
69
What two protein structures are also important to muscle contraction?
Two protein structures that are also important to muscle contraction are tropomyosin and troponin. Tropomyosin is located on the actin filament and blocks myosin-binding sites located on the actin filament, keeping myosin from attaching to actin when the muscle is in a relaxed state. Troponin, also located on the actin filament, plays a role in muscle contraction by providing binding sites for both calcium and tropomyosin when a muscle needs to contract
70
Neural Activation
Skeletal muscles will not contract unless they are stimulated to do so by motor neurons. Neural activation represents the communication link between the nervous system and the muscular system.
71
Neuromuscular Junction
The specialized site where the nervous system communicates directly with muscle fibers. This junction is actually a small gap between the motor neuron and muscle cells known as a synapse.
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Motor Unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates.
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Action Potential
The action potential is a nerve impulse that is relayed from the central nervous system, through the peripheral nervous system, and into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction. As mentioned in the prior section, the electrolytes sodium and potassium help relay the impulse down the nerves to the neuromuscular junction.
74
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission.
75
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction.
76
Sliding Filament Theory
The sliding filament theory further describes how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere and, concurrently, the muscle as a whole
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Excitation-Contraction Coupling
The physciological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a muscle contraction. 1. The nerve impulse begins in the CNS and travels down the motor neuron, which is facilitated by sodium and potassium electrolytes, to the neuromuscular junction. 2. Acetylcholine is released into the neuromuscular junction, which then helps the nerve impulse cross the synapse into the muscle. 3. The nerve impulse travels into the muscle infrastructure stimulating a small organ called the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release the electrolyte calcium (Frontera & Ochala, 2015). 4. Calcium is then released into the muscle, stimulating a chain of events that results in the myosin heads binding to actin. 5. The myosin heads then pull the actin toward the sarcomere center, which slides the overlapping filaments past each other, shortening the entire muscle.
78
Power Stroke
The myosin heads bind to actin and pull them toward the sarcomere center, which slides the filaments past each other, shortening the muscle. uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to provide nergy ot the myosin heads.
79
What are the two major principles in sliding filament theory.
1. A sarcomere shortens as a result of the Z-lines moving closer together (i.e., converging). 2. The Z-lines converge as the result of myosin filaments’ heads attaching to the actin filament’s heads, pulling the actin across the myosin, resulting in shortening of the muscle fiber.
80
Types of Muscle FIbers
Type 1: (slow-twitch or red fibers) muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue. have more capillaries, mitochonrdria, and myoglobin. Type 2: (fast-twitch or white fibers) Muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue.
81
All-or-nothing principle
Motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all.

NASM (5 decks)

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