Section 3, Chapter 6

Question 1

Blood

Answer 1

A unique life-sustaining fluid that supplies the body’s organs and cells with oxygen and nutrients & helps regulate body temperature, fight infections, and remove waste products.

Question 2

Three kinds of cells in the blood:

Answer 2

Red blood cells, white blood cells, + platelets.

Question 3

Growth Factors

Answer 3

Substances within the blood that attach to cells, aid in growth and development, and help with healing after injury

Question 4

Plasma

Answer 4

55% of the total volume of blood + remaining 45% is cellular material

Question 5

Transportation

Answer 5

Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues transports waste products from tissues, transports hormones, growth factors, + stem cells to organs + tissues, carries heat throughout the body

Question 6

Regulation

Answer 6

Regulates body temperature and acid balance in the body

Question 7

Protection

Answer 7

Protects the body from excessive bleeding by clotting, + contains specialized immune cells to help fight disease + sickness.

Question 8

Blood explanation 2

Answer 8

Fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins; it carries nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body and also transports waste products from the body to other compartments or organs for either processing (e.g., liver) or excretion (e.g., kidney).

Question 9

Stem Cells

Answer 9

Cells within the body divide and develop into specialized cells, such as brain cells, blood cells, heart cells, and bone cells.

Question 10

Blood Vessels

Answer 10

Form a closed circuit of hollow tubes that allows blood to be transported to and from the heart.

Question 11

Arteries

Answer 11

Vessels that transport blood away from the heart

Question 12

Capillaries

Answer 12

The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues.

Question 13

Veins

Answer 13

Vessels that transport blood back to the heart

Question 14

Arterioles

Answer 14

Small arteries that eventually divide into capillaries

Question 15

Venules

Answer 15

Small veins that allows blood to drain from capillaries into the larger veins

Question 16

Vasculogeneisis

Answer 16

The formation of new capillaries

Question 17

Angiogenesis

Answer 17

The formation of new capillaries from existing blood vessels

Question 18

Branches of Aorta

Answer 18

Medium-sized arteries including, the carotid artery (blood to the brain via the neck), subclavian artery (supplies blood to both arms), mesenteric arteries (blood to the digestive system), renal artery (blood to both kidneys), + iliac artery (blood to pelvic + reproductive organs.

Question 19

Venous Pooling

Answer 19

The accumulation of blood into the extremities due to slow blood flow through the veins (venous return) or backflow.

Question 20

Blood pressure (BP)

Answer 20

The outward pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls; reported as systolic/diastolic.

Question 21

Peripheral resistance

Answer 21

The amount of resistance in the arteries that must be overcome for blood to flow.

Question 22

Arteries + Arterioles

Answer 22

Large & Medium vessels carry OXYGENATED blood from the lungs to the heart and then out into the body.

Question 23

Veins + Venules

Answer 23

Large + medium vessels carry DEOXYGENATED blood back to the heart + then to the lungs.

Question 24

Capillaries

Answer 24

Smallest vessels are the sites of nutrient exchange in bodily tissues where arterioles + venules meet

Question 25

Venous pooling

Answer 25

A term used to describe the accumulation of blood in the extremities due to slow blood flow through the veins (venous return) or backflow (Goodman, 2015; Reid et al., 2014). When the venous return is reduced as a result of damage to the veins, such as the one-way valves not working, swelling in the extremities may accumulate and the veins of the leg become more visible

Question 26

Blood Pressure (BP)

Answer 26

The measurement of circulating blood against the walls of arteries.

Question 27

Hypertension

Answer 27

Consistently elevated blood pressure. Greater than 139 mm Hg sys + 89 mm Hg dia. Normal = <120 mm Hg + <80 mm Hg

Question 28

What is the right side of the heart referred to as?

Answer 28

The pulmonic side

Question 29

Respiratory system

Answer 29

A bodily system, also known as the pulmonary system, that brings oxygen into the lungs from breathed air while removing carbon dioxide from the lungs into the outside air; includes airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles.

Question 30

Respiratory System

Answer 30

Airways, lungs, + Respiratory muscles

Question 31

How many liters of air do we breathe everyday?

Answer 31

7K - 9K Liters

Question 32

Respiratory Pump

Answer 32

Composed of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissues (muscles) that work together to allow for proper respiratory mechanics as well as pumping blood back to the heart during inspiration.

Question 33

Inspiration

Answer 33

The process of contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body.

Question 34

Expiration

Answer 34

The process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body.

Question 35

Valsalva Manuever

Answer 35

A process that involves expiring against a closed windpipe, creating additional intra-abdominal pressure and spinal stability. Holding in breath during exercise while contracting the abdominals - increases the rigidity of the spine to make it easier to support heavy loads.

Question 36

Diffusion

Answer 36

The process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body.

Question 37

Structures of the Respiratory Passages

Answer 37

Nasal cavity Oral cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Right and left pulmonary bronchi Bronchioles

Question 38

Respiratory Airways

Answer 38

Alveoli Alveolar sacs

Question 39

Respiratory Airways

Answer 39

The nasal and oral cavities, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchioles provide a gathering station for air and oxygen to be directed into the body.

Question 40

What is the primary role of the respiratory system?

Answer 40

To ensure proper cellular function

Question 41

Joints

Answer 41

When one bone articulates (joins) with another bone. Shape, structure, + function.

Question 42

Osteokinematics

Answer 42

Bone movement (flexion + extension). Movement of a limb that is visible.

Question 43

Arthrokinematics

Answer 43

Joint Movement. The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.

Question 44

Rolling Joints

Answer 44

A rolling joint movement, one joint rolls across the surface of another much like the tire of a bicycle rolls on the street.

Question 45

Synovial Joints

Answer 45

Most common joints associated with human movement. They comprise approximately 80% of all the joints in the body and have the greatest capacity for motion.

Question 46

Synovial joints produce synovial fluid

Answer 46

Synovial fluid resembles egg whites and works much like engine oil. It is secreted within the joint capsule from the synovial membrane and is essential for lubricating the joint surfaces to reduce excessive wear and to provide nutrition to the joint structures within the synovial capsule

Question 47

Synovial Joints

Answer 47

Gliding, condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot, and ball-and-socket joints.

Question 48

Non-Axial Joint has simple movements of all joints

Answer 48

It moves either back and forth or side to side.

Question 49

Condyloid joints

Answer 49

Because the condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another bone to form the joint

Question 50

Nonsynovial Joints

Answer 50

They have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.

Question 51

Ligaments

Answer 51

Fibrous tissues that connect bone to bone provide static + dynamic stability, as well as sensory input to the nervous system that aids proprioception

Question 52

Ligaments 2

Answer 52

Primarily made up of collagen with varying amounts of a second protein called elastin.

Question 53

Collagen

Answer 53

A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body.

Question 54

Elastin

Answer 54

A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures.

Question 55

Muscular System

Answer 55

Links the nervous and skeletal systems and is responsible for generating the forces that move the human body.

Question 56

3 types of muscles

Answer 56

Skeletal, cardiac, + smooth

Question 57

Cardiac Muscle

Answer 57

Makes up the heart, smooth muscle + tissues of internal organs

Question 58

Skeletal Muscle

Answer 58

Made up of individual muscle fibers held together by connective tissues. Primary functions are to contract + produce movement, support the skeletal system, + assist with the homeostasis of the body by producing heat.

Question 59

Fascia

Answer 59

Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones.

Question 60

Skeletal muscle

Answer 60

The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement.

Question 61

Epimysium

Answer 61

The inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle is commonly referred to as the “deep fascia.”

Question 62

Fascicles

Answer 62

Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle. Fascicles are surrounded by perimysium.

Question 63

Perimysium

Answer 63

The connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle.

Question 64

Endomysium

Answer 64

Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle.

Question 65

Tendons Vs. Ligaments

Answer 65

Tendons connect muscles to bones. Commonly discussed tendons include the Achilles tendon at the ankle and the patellar tendon of the knee. When a tendon is overstretched or torn, this is known as a strain. Ligaments connect bones to bones. A commonly discussed ligament is the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee that connects the tibia to the femur. When a ligament is overstretched or torn, it is known as a sprain.

Question 66

Muscle fibers + contractile elements

Answer 66

Within the endomysium of the fascicles, individual muscle fibers are themselves encased by a plasma membrane known as the sarcolemma

Question 67

Glycogen

Answer 67

Glucose is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrates.

Question 68

Myoglobin

Answer 68

Protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles.

Question 69

Myofibrils

Answer 69

The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril.

Question 70

Myofilaments

Answer 70

The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin.

Question 71

Actin

Answer 71

The thin, stringlike, myofilament acts along with myosin to produce a muscular contraction.

Question 72

Myosin

Answer 72

The thick myofilament acts along with actin to produce a muscular contraction.

Question 73

Sarcomere

Answer 73

The structural unit of a myofibril is composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.

Question 74

Z-line

Answer 74

The meeting point of each sarcomere.

Question 75

Motor Unit

Answer 75

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates.

Question 76

Synapse

Answer 76

A junction or small gap between the motor neuron and muscle cells.

Question 77

Neuromuscular Junction

Answer 77

The specialized site where the nervous system communicates directly with muscle fibers.

Question 78

Neural Activation

Answer 78

The nervous system’s signal tells a muscle to contract.

Question 79

Action Potential

Answer 79

A nerve impulse that is relayed from the central nervous system through the peripheral nervous system, + into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction.

Question 80

Neurotransmitters

Answer 80

Chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neuron + muscle, released into the gap

Question 81

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Answer 81

A neurotransmitter used by the neuromuscular system. A neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction.

Question 82

Action Potential

Answer 82

A nerve impulse that is relayed from the central nervous system, through the peripheral nervous system, + into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction.

Question 83

Sliding filament theory

Answer 83

Further describes how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere and, concurrently, the muscle as a whole