SECTION 4 Flashcards
aliquot
a portion of a larger whole, especially a sample taken for chemical analysis or other treatment. When soil sampling for contaminants, multiple aliquots are taken around the site for testing.
Rivet
A permanent mechanical fastener. On installation the rivet is placed in a punched or drilled hole, and the tail is upset, or ‘bucked’ by the rivet gun so that it expands to about 1.5 times the original shaft diameter, holding the rivet in place.
Bolts vs. Screws
The defining distinction is in their intended purpose: Bolts are for the assembly of two unthreaded components, with the aid of a nut. Screws in contrast are used with components that have at least one containing its own thread. Many screws and bolts can be either, depending on how they are used. Where a fastener is used with a nut, it is a bolt rather than a screw. Where a fastener forms its own thread in the component being fastened, it is a screw. Many bolts are held fixed in place during assembly, either by a tool or by a design of non-rotating bolt, such as a carriage bolt, and only their nut is turned.
Carriage Bolt Assembly
Threaded fasteners with a bolt that has a rounded, dome-shaped head. The bolt has a square neck that extends from the head towards the threads. A regular hex nut or wing nut allows the assembly to hold the components together. This assembly can be tightened with just one wrench.
Carriage bolt assemblies are commonly used in carpentry and construction; they are well-suited for fastening two structural wood pieces together, especially when extra strength is required. The square neck sinks into the wood as the fastener is tightened, preventing the bolt from turning and countersinking the bolt head at the same time.
Eye Bolt
An eye bolt is a screw with a loop on one end and threads on the other end. Eye bolts are commonly used to attach cables to objects, for instance attaching a string to the back of a painting to allow the painting to hang from a nail on a wall.
Eye bolts made by bending a rod or wire into a loop are only suitable for light duty applications, as heavy loads can cause the eye to open. For high loads, eye bolts with forged or welded loops should be chosen, as they can withstand loads up to the tensile strength of the material of which they are made.
J-Bolt Assembly
Usually sunk into concrete allowing it to be used as an anchor bolt
Anchor bolt
An anchor bolt is used to attach objects or structures to concrete. There are many types of anchor bolts, consisting of designs that are mostly proprietary to the manufacturing companies. All consist of a threaded end, to which a nut and washer can be attached for the external load.
Lag Bolt
Lag-bolt heads are meant to be driven with a wrench or a ratchet and socket. Before driving a lag bolt, pre-drill a pilot hole about two-thirds the bolt’s length using a drill bit that is 1/8 inch smaller than the lag bolt’s shank. Slide a washer onto the lag bolt before driving it in. used to secure load bearing materials together.
Lag Bolt with Expansion Shield
The term expansion shield is used to describe a masonry anchor that requires the use of a bolt, lag screw or setting tool to expand the anchor once it is placed in a hole in the base material. Other than epoxy type and concrete screws, all other concrete fasteners use expansion as a means by which their holding values are derived
Lag Bolt with Fiber Plug
The Fiberplug is a jute fiber screw style anchor designed for use in concrete, block, brick, and stone. The Fiberplug is an anchor designed for use with wood,
sheet metal, and lag screws. It is formed of braided jute fiber which is bound into a tubular shape. A lead lining on the sheet metal and wood screw sizes
makes it possible for the screw to reproduce its own thread, and keeps the jute fibers from being cut by the screw.
Lag Bolt with Lead Shield
Lag shields are medium-duty anchors which expand to fill the area of the pre-drilled hole when a lag screw is tightened into the shield. Extra-long sizes are for use in mortar or brick. Standard lengths are intended for use in concrete. They can be used in solid or hollow material and are more resistant to temperature fluctuations and rust than other light-duty anchors
Machine Bolt Assembly
A machine bolt, also known as a hex bolt, is a square or hexagonal head. The body or nut of the machine bolt consists of threading and a smooth shoulder; however, shorter bolts may be fully threaded. connects metal to metal
Toggle Bolt Assembly
A toggle bolt is a two-part fixture consisting of a bolt and spring-loaded “toggle wings” that pop open on the backside of the wall material, providing a sound anchor for tightening the bolt. Acts like a pin to join two element’s
Threaded Rod Assembly
A threaded rod, also known as a stud, is a relatively long rod that is threaded on both ends; the thread may extend along the complete length of the rod. They are designed to be used in tension.
Cement Nail
(Concrete Nail is more accurate name)
They are nails that are specifically designed to be driven into concrete. Because most nails are not strong enough to penetrate such a hard surface and would bend, there is a need for these types of nails for various applications. One of the common uses for cement nails is to tack down flooring materials installed on a concrete slab.
Common Nail
Used for most medium to heavy construction work, this type of nail has a thick head and can be driven into tough materials. Common nails are made from wire and cut to the proper length and are available in sizes 2d through 60d. (60d nails are 9” long)
Machine Screw
These fasteners are often used with nuts as well as often driven into tapped holes. They might be considered a screw or a bolt based on the Machinery’s Handbook distinction. In practice, they tend to be mostly available in smaller sizes and the smaller sizes are referred to as screws or less ambiguously as machine screws, although some kinds of machine screws can be referred to as stove bolts. used to fasten machine components, appliances and more.
Plate Anchor
Anchors are designed to stabilize cracking and bowed foundation walls. Wall plate anchors secure basement and retaining walls that bowing, leaning or cracking due to excessive outside soil pressure. This hydrostatic pressure is the result of water buildup in the soils surrounding your home. Once the pressure has exceeded the original design strength of the wall you will see cracking followed by leaning or bowing of basement walls.
Construction Adhesive
Usually extruded out of a tube, used for big jobs like fastening plywood to floor joints or paneling to drywall.
Drive Anchor
Made of high-strength spring steel or of aluminum with a stainless steel pin for use in hard materials. The anchor is driven into a hole where it is compressed and forced against the walls of the hole. Permanent fastener good for indoor use.
Masonry Wall Tie
Used to tie the internal and external walls(or leafs) constructed of bricks or cementatious blocks together. It is placed in the cavity wall during construction and spans the cavity. The ends of the tie are designed to lock into the cement. Also incorporated into the design of the tie is means of preventing water transfer from the outer to the inner leafs. In flat ties this can be a twist. In wire ties this can be corrugations formed in the wire or again a twist.
Z-anchor
Z Anchors are the most conventional and common method of fixing systems used for natural stone installation. With their three-dimensional adjustability, Z anchors allow the quick and easy installation of natural stone slabs both at the horizontal and vertical joints.
Methods of estimating cut and fill
Average end area method
Contour method
Grid method
Grid method
Quick. Useful for estimating excavation of foundations and other square, level features. Each point on the grid is assigned a cut or fill depth based on existing contours and a proposed level elevation.
First calculate the volume of cut and fill separately (based on no cut no fill line, which is zero), helps to calculate cuyd for each square and add them up at the end.
Average end area method
Used to estimate volumes of cut/ fill on linear elements like roads. Cross sections are taken at intervals and average together, then multiplied by the total length.
Contour method
Most accurate method to calculate cut and fill.
- Delineate no cut no fill zones. No cut no fill lines delineate where cut stops and fill begins in some areas
- Meare surface area of each contour and enter it into supess
Erosion control strategies
- Minimize disturbed area and protect natural features and soil
- Phase construction activity
- Control stormwater flowing onto and through the project
- Stabilize soils promptly
- Protect slopes
Sediment control strategies
- Protect storm drain inlets
- Establish perimeter controls
- Retain sediment on-site and control dewatering practices
- Establish stabilized construction exits
- Inspect and maintain controls
Six Key Pollution Prevention Principles for Good Housekeeping during construction
- Provide for waste management
- Establish proper building material staging areas
- Designate paint and concrete washout areas
- Establish proper equipment/vehicle fueling and maintenance practices
- Control equipment/vehicle washing and allowable non-stormwater discharges
- Develop a spill prevention and response plan
Slope min/ max for Lawns & seeded areas
2% to 33% (1:3)
Slope min / max for pathways
. 5% to 10%
Slope min / max for paved or grass play or sitting areas
1% to 4%
Increase in volume of CUT materials (swell)
60% to 80% for solid rock
20% to 25% for soft earth
Settlement of fill materials (percent reduced volume)
8% to 20% where 8 is gravel and 20 is clay soil
traverse
A traverse is a series of points established on the job site connected through the measurement of angles and distances. These measurements are used in a process called traverse computations, which determine the relative location of the points to each other. In construction, traversing is used to establish control around a job site to lay out the structures.
Control point
A control point is a point on the ground or any permanent structure whose horizontal and vertical location/position is known. Control points are used as a starting point of the surveyor’s CAD.
Types of concrete joints
Isolation joint
Construction joint
Contraction joint
Isolation joint
Completely isolates a slab from something else, such as a building or column.
Isolation joints are formed by placing preformed joint material next to the column or wall or standpipe prior to pouring the slab. Isolation joint material is typically asphalt-impregnated fiberboard, although plastic, cork, rubber, and neoprene are also available.I olation joint material should go all the way through the slab, starting at the subbase, but should not extend above the top.
For a cleaner looking isolation joint, the top part of the preformed filler can be cut off and the space filled with elastomeric sealant. Some proprietary joints come with removable caps to form this sealant reservoir.
Construction joint
On many jobs there will be starting and stopping points—you won’t pour the entire slab or driveway all at once. That’s where you will place a construction joint.
Construction joints are formed using some sort of bulkhead, made of wood, steel, plastic, or precast concrete. These bulkheads are often used as screed rails during placement and finishing of the slab.
Construction joints should be worked into the overall joint plan, where they can also function as contraction joints.
A construction joint should also be used in cases of equipment breakdown, an unexpected shortage of materials, or bad weather, although the joint should still be worked into the jointing pattern—placed where a contraction joint was planned. If that’s not possible, the odd section may later have to be removed.
If the slab will have no significant traffic crossing the joint, a plain butt joint, with no reinforcement crossing the joint, is acceptable. If there is to be traffic other than foot traffic, you will need to use some sort of load transfer device.
Contraction joint
After concerts is poured, it shrinks. Contraction joints are formed by saw cutting, by tooling a joint with a grooving tool, or by inserting a plastic strip into the concrete during finishing (zip-strip). Proper timing and depth of cut are essential. If you wait too long, the slab will crack where it wants to rather than where you want it to. And if the joint is not cut deep enough it will not create the plane of weakness needed to guide the crack.
There are several methods for tooling a joint into a concrete slab during the finishing operations, but as with a saw cut, the depth of the groove needs to be at least one-quarter the slab thickness to weaken the slab enough to get the crack to follow
Types of permeable pavement
Modular Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement consists of impervious concrete blocks that allow water to infiltrate into a reservoir through inter-block or intra-block voids. These voids may be filled with gravel or soil and grass. Gravel is the most common filler as it is less susceptible to clogging.
Porous Asphalt or Porous Concrete consists of standard asphalt or concrete mixes from which the finer aggregates have been removed. Removal of these fine materials results in a pavement with a matrix of pores that allows water to permeate through the surface.
Plastic Grid Systems consist of plastic interlocking units with virtually no impervious surface area. Grid spaces may be planted with grass or left unplanted and filled with gravel. The grids provide structural stability and prevent settling while allowing a large amount of void space for infiltration of stormwater.
Benefits of permeable pavement
reduction of runoff, which reduces flood risk, stream erosion and damage to downstream infrastructure;
removal of contaminants from infiltrated stormwater
Soil density testing
Soil density testing is used to determine the soil compaction level necessary to withstand a building, road or other structure. It is typically done in a laboratory setting using proctor tests to establish the optimal moisture content for a soil’s compaction. On-site compaction testing on-site involves determining the maximum dry density of the soil through moisture density testing and then measuring it based on the relation between field density values and laboratory values using nuclear meters and sand cones.
Components of grout and motar
Grout is generally a mixture of water, cement and sand, and is employed in pressure grouting, embedding rebar in masonry walls, connecting sections of pre-cast concrete, filling voids, and sealing joints such as those between tiles. Common uses for grout in the household include filling in tiles of shower floors and kitchen tiles.
Masonry mortar, a mixture of coarse sand, Portland cement, and lime,1 is used for laying brick and stone.
Soil proctor test
The Proctor Soil Compaction Test is used to understand compaction characteristics of different soils with change in moisture content.0 It consists of a cylindrical mold placed and compacted in three layers by dropping 25 times a 2,5 kg weight falling from an elevation of 30 centimeters. The type of compaction and the provided energy for a given soil volume are standard for this test
control points vs benchmarks
Control points provide information for the location and elevation of established monuments. Control points that provide vertical datum are also known as benchmarks.
slump test
The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets. It is performed to check the workability of freshly made concrete
definition of Phytoexraction
Phytoexraction is a form of phytoremediation that uses the plants natural ability to absorb contaminants and store them as part of their natural metabolism. Certain plants are used for certain chemicals. Over time, the plants are harvested and burned or recycled to further remove the chemicals from the land.
definition of phytodegradation
Phytodegradation uses plants that naturally break down the chemicals they absorb and therefore do not need to be harvested.
definition of bioremediation
Bioremediation uses the micro flora and fauna that are present on the site already and breaking down the contaminants. The organisms are identified and the site conditions where they were found are replicated throughout the site.
definition of phytovolatization
Phytovolatization refers to the process of a plant absorbing a chemical that is present in the water and through the plant’s natural processes; the chemical is broken down and released into the atmosphere through transpiration.
components of the contract documents
drawings, specifications, general conditions, agreement
sequence of site construction
- site clearing / demo
- all organic matter cleared and grubbed from the construction zone
- topsoil typically stripped and stockpiled
- cut & fill operations
- drainage and utilities
- grading
- structures and paving
- furnishings and planting
infiltration trench
a gravel-filled trench that allows stormwater to soak into the ground.
may include an overflow, an underdrain or vegetation. To
reduce clogging, use settling basins or other pretreatment components in conjunction with the infiltration trench. Site-specific conditions—such as soil type, water table, drainage area and slope—may restrict
their use.
stormwater sand filter
Sand filter systems temporarily store stormwater runoff to filter and remove pollutants before it reaches natural water sources, such as creeks, streams, and rivers. Stormwater is filtered through a natural, or an engineered filter media, and systems are commonly designed with two chambers. The first is a sediment chamber, or forebay, where larger particles deposit before the runoff water is filtered in a filtration bed of sand where fine particles are removed. Afterward, the filtered water is typically collected in an underdrain and then conveyed to the storm drainage system. Sand filter applications can be on the surface, below the surface, or within a cartridge configuration.
topsoiling
Preserving and using topsoil to provide a suitable growth medium and enhance final site stabilization with vegetation.
Use Where slopes are 2:1 or flatter and Where the subsoil or areas of existing surface soil have problems like structure, pH, or nutrient balance, too shallow, or contains toxic components.
Advantages of topsoil include higher organic matter and greater available water- holding capacity and nutrient content.
Stripping, stockpiling, and re-applying topsoil, or importing topsoil may not always be cost-effective. It may also create an erosion problem if improperly secured.
aeolian soils
Sand dunes. Aeolian processes are those processes of erosion, transport, and deposition of sediments that are caused by wind at or near the surface of the earth.
vertisols
clay-rich soils that shrink and swell with changes in moisture content. During dry periods, the soil volume shrinks and deep wide cracks form. The soil volume then expands as it wets up.
colluvial soils
a general name for loose, unconsolidated sediments that have been deposited at the base of hillslopes by either rainwash, sheetwash, slow continuous downslope creep, or a variable combination of these processes.
alluvial soils
loose clay, silt, sand, or gravel that has been deposited by running water in a stream bed, on a floodplain, in an alluvial fan or beach, or in similar settings. Alluvium is also sometimes called alluvial deposit. Alluvium is typically geologically young and is not consolidated into solid rock.
lumber nominal sizing
the size before shrinkage and planing, rather than the actual size. nominal sizing used in specifications. does not apply to the length of the board.
actual dimensions of 1x lumber (1-12)
Nominal Size Actual Size
1x4 3/4 x 3-1/2
1x6 3/4 x 5-1/2
1x8 3/4 x 7-1/4
1x10 3/4 x 9-1/4
1x12 3/4 x 11-1/4
brush layering
Brush layering is a revegetation technique, which combines layers of dormant or rooted cuttings (see Dormant Cuttings under Plant Care and Preparation section) with soil to revegetate and stabilize both streambanks and slopes.
knox box
fire / emergency access box opened with PIN or common key. contains keys to locked gates or doors. does not require electric or data or phone for operation. suited for rural locations
depth of drainage lines
below frost line
ADA height for table
28”-34”
albedo
Albedo is the fraction of light that a surface reflects. If it is all reflected, the albedo is equal to 1. If 30% is reflected, the albedo is 0.3. The albedo of Earth’s surface (atmosphere, ocean, land surfaces) determines how much incoming solar energy, or light, is immediately reflected back to space.
invert elevation
measured from the bottom of the interior of the pipe to finish grade
Point of Vertical Intersection (PVI)
The point where two adjacent tangents would cross (whether they actually cross or not) is called the “point of vertical intersection”, or “PVI.” This location can be useful for editing the geometry of a profile because this one point controls the slopes of both tangents and any curve connecting them.
Point of Vertical Tangency (PVT)
The VPT serves as the end of the vertical curve and is located at the point where the vertical curve connects with the departing roadway segment. In other words, the VPC and VPT are the points along the roadway where the vertical curve begins and ends.
successful stormwater management will….
increase time in the treatment train, reduce peak flows, aid reduction of downstream flooding, improve public safety during storms, improve wildlife habitat, increase recreation potential, create more consistent soil moisture, and result in lower site maintenance costs.
term for the distance between point of curvature (PC) and point of tangency (PT)
chord
difference between unit price and fixed price contracts
fixed price contracts do not require precise measurements of in price quantities to determine payment. lump sum contract reduces the potential for cost overruns because all parties have agreed to a budget for a scope of services.
how to measure the height of a retaining wall
measure from the top of the wall to the bottom of the footer. (think about how much material would be needed to construct the wall)
single greatest source of water polution
sediments
max height of stockpiled soil on a job site
4 feet
principal difference between mortar and grout
the amount of water in the mix.
both mortar and grout are portland cement-based products containing cement, water, and sand. the purpose of mortar is to make things stick to each other (ie CMU wall), while grout is a filler material (ie tiles)
reference specifications
well vetted spec developed by professionals or associations. the reference to the spec is included in the spec instead of inventing a new one. A specification that calls out a material, product or method based on the requirements of testing standards written by organizations such as ASTM, UL, ASHRAE, etc.
project manual includes
bidding documents, general conditions, sample forms, scheudle of drawings, supplementary provisions, technical specifications,
whats included in an invitation to bid
project description. project title, time and place bids are due, and type of contract
what contributes to slope failure
altering surface drainage, increasing grade of a slope, remove vegetation, increased loads, altering subsurface drainage
groundwater recharge
primary method for which groundwater enters an aquifer
dimension accuracy is determined by
the expressed value of a dimension is considered accurate to 1/2 the smallest unit indicated. for example a dim of 1’-0” is accurate to the nearest 1/2”
tensile strength
the ability of a material to withstand forces parallel to the surface of the material
