Section 5 - Sport, Society and Culture Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
What is a Peer Group?
A
Group of people of approximately the same age, status, and interests
Peer groups often influence social behaviors and patterns.
2
Q
What does Social Economic Group refer to?
A
Group’s place within society; depends on occupation, education, income, etc.
This classification can affect access to resources and opportunities.
3
Q
What is meant by Post-School drop out?
A
Reduction in participation levels in people who leave full-time education
This phenomenon can have long-term effects on career prospects and social mobility.
4
Q
Define Role Models.
A
Person looked up to by others as an example to follow
Role models can significantly influence personal development and aspirations.
5
Q
What are Engagement patterns?
A
Trends/tendencies in involvement/participation
Understanding these patterns helps identify areas for improvement in community involvement.
6
Q
What characterizes an Ethnic Group?
A
People who share a common cultural background
Ethnic groups often share language, traditions, and values.
7
Q
Define Social Group.
A
People who interact with one another and have a sense of unity
Social groups can range from small circles of friends to larger community organizations.
8
Q
What is a Stereotype?
A
Widely held and oversimplified idea of a particular type of person
Stereotypes can lead to misunderstandings and prejudice.
9
Q
What is a Barrier to participation?
A
Obstacle that prevents a group from participating in sport
Barriers can include socioeconomic factors, lack of access, or cultural attitudes.
10
Q
What does participation in sports mean?
A
Taking part in sport or other physical activities.
11
Q
How can family influence sports participation?
A
Parents might encourage or discourage their children to take up sports.
12
Q
What role do siblings play in sports participation?
A
If siblings play sport or are interested in it, individuals are familiar with sport from a young age.
13
Q
How do friends influence the type of sports you play?
A
You’re influenced by the attitudes of peers, especially close friends.
14
Q
What are role models in the context of sports?
A
People who excel in their sport and inspire others to participate.
15
Q
How can the media influence sports participation?
A
The media can help create role models.
16
Q
What are stereotypical views of women?
A
- Women lack physical capacity to do the same range of activities as men
- Women who are competitive are not being feminine
- Physical activity limits a woman’s ability to give birth
- Trianing hard and developing muscles mean women have their sexual orientation questioned
- Women role as a carer and mother
17
Q
What barriers to participation for women?
A
- Sport is male dominated
- Elite female sport performers receive less media coverage than men
- Less media coverage means less women role models to inspire younger generations to take up sport
- Less media coverage means less sponsorship available causing fewer opportunities and less money for women to do sport at a high level
- Women get less support from peers and family
- Woken facilities are much slower developed than for male performers
18
Q
What are barrier to participation for ethnicity and religion?
A
- Many Muslims keeps their bodies covered up which means that are less likely to participate in activities such as swimming
- Religious festivals and days may impact when you can play sport (Christians won’t play on Sunday because of Sabbath)
- Racism and abuse used to be a huge problem in sport but campaign such as Kick it Out have helped raise awareness of the problem
19
Q
What is a disability?
A
A form of impairment which limits a persons ability to take part in an activity.
20
Q
How can a disability influence how active you are?
A
Studies show that participation rates for disabled are lower than they are for non disabled people.
There is less opportunities in sport for disabled people due to less access to facilities and less facilities available.
21
Q
What opportunities are there for disabled people in sport?
A
Integration involves getting disabled performers to perform with non disabled people. This helps to challenge stereotypes about disabled people as well as giving disable people the opportunity to enjoy a wide range of activities.
Adapting sports so they are more accessible for disabled people e.g. wheelchair basketball and hand cycling.
Creating new sports specifically for disabled people e.g. boccia and goalball.
22
Q
What is Boccia?
A
A bowls type game suitable for players of all abilities.
23
Q
What is Goalball?
A
An active court game for visually impaired or sighted players.
24
Q
What is prejudice?
A
Preconceived opinions that is not based on reason or actual experience.
25
What is discrimination?
Unjust treatment of different groups of people.
26
How can your Socio Economic group affect participation in sport?
People in lower socio economic groups are less likely to regularly take part in sport.
- Most sport costs money which means some people can’t afford to take part
- Lots of sport like horse riding skiing and cycling requires specialist equipment and clothing which can be expensive
- Some sports require specialist facilities like ski slopes and ice rinks so if you don’t live in the area then you won’t be able to participate
- If you don’t have access to a car or food public transport then it makes harder to participate
- Playing sports requires a lot of free time so if you work long shift or have family commitments you may not have time
27
How can your age affects participation in sport?
Some sports are more popular with different age groups
People between 16-30 have a wide range of choices of physical activities whereas people over 50 are likely to choose less strenuous activities
Sports such as weightlifting and endurance events can potentially damage a young persons body so these competitions often have a minimum age restriction.
Young people have more spare time compared to older people who have careers and family
28
How can PE in schools affect participation in sport?
PE classes and after school activities are a way for student to try out lots of different sports which will encourage regular participation
School can also bring in outside agencies to help with coaching and sport development
Some student are out off by PE at school because they find it awkward or embarrassing
Some student do not enjoy the competitive nature of sport so offering non competitive activities in PE is a good idea
29
What can be a solution to lack of time?
Add physical activity to daily routine - walk/cycle to work
30
What can be a solution to negative social influences?
Invite family and friends to exercise with you/ join a physically active group
31
What can be a solution to lack of motivation?
Invite a friend to exercise with you on a regular basis/ join an exercise class
32
What can be a solution to lack of skill?
Select activities requiring few to no skills such as walking or jogging
33
What can be a solution to lack of resources?
Select activities which require few facilities such as walking or jogging
34
What can be a solution to family responsibilities?
Exercise with the children - go for a walk or a swim
35
What is commercialisation?
The process by which a new product or service is introduced into the general market/ activity of buying and selling especially on a large scale
36
What is the media?
The main way that people communicate collective (television, radio, newspaper)
37
What is a sponsorship?
It is where a company pays money: provides goods to a team or individual in return for advertising their goods
38
What is the Golden Triangle?
The financial relationship between sport, sponsorship and the media
39
Relation between sponsorship and sport spectators
Sport spectators will buy sponsors product if marketed well
Business sponsors rely on the fans buying their products
40
Relationship between sponsorship and the media
Media attracts soonsors as spectators are interested in the media
Sponsors need needs the media to promote their product
41
Relationship between the media and sport spectators
Sport spectators must pay subscription to watch the sport
Sport spectators will buy merchandise from the media companies
42
Positive effects of media coverage
-Attendance rise as people want to see the best players and role models
- Easier to attract sponsorship
- Develop perosnalities and role models
- Supporters become better informed
- Encourages participation
- Multiple cameras give viewers a close up view of the action
43
Negative effects of media coverage
- Only few sports are on TV/ minor sports aren’t shown
- Changes to the rules e.g. new scoring system in badminton
- Changes to playing season e.g. summer rugby league
- Sport personalities lose privacy
- Changes to event timing e.g. Premier league matches on a Monday and Friday
- Event sensationalised to promote media rather than the sport
- Attendances fall due to more people watching from home
44
Positive effects of Sponsorships
- More money involved in the sport
- You can sponsor an individual, team, competition, stadium or stand
- Players can receive better equipment, car, clothing or footwear
45
Negative effects of sponsorships
- If an athlete gets injured, loses their form or gets a bad reputation they could lose the sponsorship deal
- Athlete get in trouble with their sponsor if they are spotted using another company’s product
- Some sponsors could be promoting the wrong image especially in youth sports e.g. cigarettes and alcohol
46
Technology developments in sport
- Sport uses more technology e.g. replays, third umpires and microphones for referees
- Technology is used by performers coaches and officials to improve performance
- Used to improve spectator experience
- Technologu fan slow the speed of the game but can also make it more fair - waiting the for correct decision e.g. Hawkeye in cricket and tennis
47
Positive/Negative impacts of technology on performer
Positive
- Health and fitness maintenance - heart rate monitors, GPS and body fat monitor
- Computer software to monitor nutrition and fitness
- Safety improved e.g. helmets and body protection in cricket
- Rehabilitation from injuries e.g. use of ice baths, oxygen tents and hyperbaric chambers
- Equipment and footwear improved e.g. composite tennis racket
- Match analysis used to analyse own performance and opponents weaknesses to make tactical adjustments
Negatives
- Cost for latest technology
- Performer is always analysed to show weaknesses by opposition
- May lead to more injuries which causes a shorter career
- Development in technology causes more cheating e.g. PEDs
48
Positive/Negative impacts of technology on sport
Positives
- Analysis of performance always coaches to provide better feedback
- Increased accuracy in time and distance measurement
- Referees and umpires make more accurate decisions
- Improve design of equipment, clothing and footwear
- Spectators have a better viewing experience
Negatives
- Unequal therefore best technology wins
- Time for off field decision making can be frustrating
49
Positive/Negative impacts of technology on officials
Positive
- More correct decisions
- Less criticism on officials
- Communication improved
- Teams are able to appeal decisions
Negative
- Become over reliant on technology causing slower decisions
- Cost so not everyone can afford the latest technology causing
50
Positive/Negative impacts of technology on spectators
Positive
- Increased experience with more cameras and more sports
- All weather 4g surfaces improve skill and more matches
- Spectators become more informed with decisions
Negative
- Time for off field decision making can be frustrating
51
Positive/Negative impacts of technology on sponsors
Positive
- More cameras means logos are seen increasing sales and therefore more profit
Negative
- Injuries, cheating and losing affects sponsors via their links with the performers and sport
52
Commercialised Activity on the performance
Positive
- Increased marketability as they are able to be sold
- Elite performers have a high income therefore less financial worry or stress
- Performer gains free equipment clothing or footwear to promote the brand
- Sponsors give additional income and improved facilities/equipment to develop fitness and skills
Negative
- Media causes loss of privacy
- Contracted to various commitments means less free time
- Sponsors product make contrast the performers values e.g. unhealthy food
- Poor result from performer may mean loss of sponsorship causing cheating
53
Commercialised Activity on the sport
Positive
- Sponsorships increase income for sport
- Less reliance on spectator income
- New competitions and more media interest
Negative
- Sponsors control over what when and who is shown on TV
- Sponsors place logos and cameras for maximum exposure on camera
- Timing of events decided by sponsors e.g. Premier football matches kick off times
- Team change strip to suit sponsors
54
Commercialised Activity on the officials
Positive
- Officials become full time due to being paid more
- More matches therefore become famous
- Matches held around the world increases travel
Negative
- Officials in the media spotlight over controversial decisions causing major criticism
- Accusations on officials of not performing well, being biased and cheating
55
Commercials Activity on the spectators
Positive
- Huge TV screens for replays, statistics, more camera angles and better informed
- More opportunities to watch different sports
- Dedicated TV and radio channels for sports
Negative
- Increased ticket prices
- Loss of tradition e.g. kick off times or kit colours
56
Commercialised Activity on the sponsors
Positive
- Provide sponsors with publicity for product
- Status to product is linked with success
- Increaed sales of product increases income for the business
Negative
- Anything harmful to the sport, team or individual can also affect the sponsor and sale of product e.g. poor result or cheating
57
Etiquette
Following normal/acceptable levels of behaviour - the unwritten rules concerning player behaviour
58
Sportsmanship
Appropriate, polite and fair behaviour while participating in a sporting event e.g. kicking ball out of play when opponent is injured so they can receive treatment
59
Contract to compete
An unwritten agreement between competitors to comply with all the rules and to do their best e.g. respecting the referees decision
60
Gamesmanship
The use of dubious methods that are not strictly illegal to gain an advantage e.g. time wasting when winning or re tying shoelaces before a serve in tennis
61
What are PEDs?
Performance enhancing drugs which help to improve sports performances in some way
62
What is ergogenic aid?
A technique or substance used for the purpose of enhancing performance
63
Who have banned PEDs?
Nation Governing Bodies (NGBs) - organisation with responsibility for managing their specific sport
Internal Olympic Committee - the independent authority of the world wide modern Olympic movement which organised the Olympic game
64
Stimulants
Male athletes more alert and masks the effects of pain
Speed up parts of the brain and body e.g. adrenaline
Used to increase athletes alertness to reduce react time, reduce tiredness and increase aggression
Side effects are high blood pressure, strokes, heart and liver problems
Used by performers who need to be more alert e.g. sprinters and speed swimmers
65
Peptide Hormones (EPO)
Naturally occurring chemicals which increase the number of red bloods cells improving oxygen delivery to muscles
Improve muscle growth
Reduces fatigue in long distance events
Side effects are thickening of the heart so heart must pumper harder, increasing the risk of stroke or heart attack
Marathons runners and long distance cyclists are likely to use them in order to reduce fatigue during events
66
Diuretics
Drugs that remove fluid from the body
Taken to remove excess water from the body
Don’t improve actual performance but are taken to lose weight or dilute the presence of other illegal substances and remove from the body through urine
Side effects are severe dehydration, low blood pressure and muscle cramps
Boxer would take in order to lose weight to ‘make the weight’
Sprinters may use to ‘flush out’ other PEDs taken
67
Narcotic Analgesics
Painkillers that mask pain caused by injury or fatigue which can make the injury worse
Highly addictive causing withdrawal symptoms
Side effects are constipation, low blood pressure and loss of concentration leading to a coma
Performers recovering from excessive overtraining or competing with injury may use these
68
Anabolic agents
Drugs that help athletes to train harder and build muscle
Used to increase rate and amount of muscle growth
Speed up recovery so performers are able to train harder and more frequently
Makes the user more aggressive and competitive
Side effects are shrunken testicles, high blood pressure, liver kidneys and heart damage
Sprinters can use them to training harder and increase muscle girth and strength
Weightlifters can use to train more frequently to increase body weight
69
Beta blockers
Drug taken to calm a performer down by reducing the effect of adrenaline
Reduced adrenaline, heart rate, muscle tension and blood pressure
Improve fine motor control and precision as it it reduces the effects of nerves
Side effects are nausea, tiredness, weakness and poor circulation heart problems
Only permitted for performers by subscription
Competitors in target sports such as shooting or archery
70
Blood doping
It is a technique not a PED
Artificially increasing the number of red blood cells from athlete several weeks before the competition and freeze it
The body will make more blood to replace amount removed
One or two days before completion - thaw and inject back into the athlete
More red blood cells means more oxygen can be carried to the muscles which is beneficial for endurance athletes
Side effects are thickening of blood, embolism, heart attacks and risk of blood borne diseases e.g. HIV or hepatitis
71
Advantages of taking PEDs
Fame
Income
Level playing field
Success
72
Disadvantages of taking PEDs
Ban
Fine
Reputation
Health risks
73
Disadvantages of performers taking PEDs to the sport
Sport loses reputation
Sport loses credibility
Sport could lose income through number of spectators
Negative publicity
Media interest lost
Loss of sponsorships
Participation levels fall
74
Positive effects of Spectators
Spectators become involved in the experience creating an atmosphere
Cheering a team or individual
Whistling or booing opposition
Home field advantage - the physiological advantage that the home team has over the visiting team as a result of playing in familiar facilities and in front of supportive fans
75
Negative effects of Spectstors
Intimidating atmosphere hinders both home and away performances
Spectators become over involved in expectation of success causing crowd trouble and hooliganism
Sometimes sensationalised by media
76
Negative effects of hooliganism
Majority of football fans aren’t hooligans
Matches are attended in safety which costs money
Potential crowd trouble must be controlled causing major concerns for clubs and authority
Possible crowd trouble can have negative effects for those watching especially younger spectators
Become easily dissuaded from participating
77
Reasons for hooliganism
Rivalry between team - derby matches
Media hype done to increase sales
Alcohol lessens inhibitions and people are more open to suggestions
Gang culture creates tribal behaviour to protect local area from away fans leads to organised violence
Frustration with teams performance or referees decision
Display of masculinity
78
Combating hooliganism and effectiveness
Police work to identify hooligans - this costs time and money but prevents them from entering
Early kick of times - prevent excessive alcohol consumption but local pub may close early losing income
All seater stadiums - prevents moving around in stands but costs are high to implement these expensive facilities
Segregation of fans- costs money for stewards and police and less seats available losing income for home team
CCTV - helps to identify hooligans and prevent from entering grounds
High profile role models - used to appeal to fans for better behaviour
Campaign (‘Kick it Out’) - used to lessen the influence of these types of people
