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GCSE bio > section 6 - coordination and response > Flashcards

section 6 - coordination and response Flashcards

1
Q

what do receptors do

A

detect stimuli from changes in environment

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2
Q

what do effectors do

A

response to stimuli - include muscle cells and cells found in glands

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3
Q

what are neurones

A

nerve cells

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4
Q

what are 3 main types of neurone

A

sensory, relay, motor

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5
Q

what does the CNS consist of

A

brain and spinal chord

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6
Q

how do neutrons transmit information

A

high speed impiulses and rapid responses

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7
Q

what is the connection between 2 neurone called

A

synapse

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8
Q

what are the chemicals called that transfer nerve signals

A

neurotransmitters which diffuse across the gap

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9
Q

what to the chemicals set off

A

a new electrical signal in the next neurone

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10
Q

what is an example of a reflex

A

bright light causing ur pupils to get smaller. blinking

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11
Q

describe the reflex arc

A

stimulus detected by receptors causes and electrical impulse to be sent along a sensory neurone to CNS. in the CNS the sensory neurone passes to relay neurone to the motor neurone to the effector. it is quicker than a normal resp[onse

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12
Q

what is the conjunctive for

A

protects the eye

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13
Q

what is the function of the cornea

A

refracts light into the eye

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14
Q

what is the iris for

A

controls diameter of the pupil and how much light enters the eye

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15
Q

what is the lens for

A

focuses the light onto the retina

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16
Q

fovea

A

blind spot

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17
Q

what is the retina for

A

captures the light

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18
Q

what does the optic nerve do

A

carries impulses from the receptors to the brain

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19
Q

at happens in bright lite

A

circular muscles contract, radial muscles relax and the pupils constrict

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20
Q

what happens in dim light

A

circular muscles relax, radial muscles contract causing the pupil to dialate

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21
Q

what is changing the shape of the lense called

A

acommodation

22
Q

what happens at distant objects

A

cililary muscles relax, suspensory muscles pull tight, lens goes thin and less curved so refracts light by smaller amount

23
Q

what happens with near objects

A

ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments slacken. lens becomes fat and more curved which increases the amount of light it refracts

24
Q

what happens to eyes as you get older

A

lens loses flexibility so cant easily spring back to round shape which means light can’t be focused well for near viewing.

25
Q

what happens with short sighted people

A

unable to focus on distant objects. cornea or lens bends the light to much or eyeball is so long. distant objects are bought into focus in front of the retina

26
Q

what happens with long sighted peopel

A

unable to focus on near objects. cornea or lens doesn’t bend the light enough oor eyesball is to short. the images of near objects are brought into focus behind the retina

27
Q

what are 3 differences between nerves and hormones

A
  1. nerves are fast, hormones are slow
  2. nerves act for a very short time hormones act for long time
  3. nerves are a precise area, hormones are in a general area
28
Q

what is source, role and effect of adrenaline

A

adrenal glands, fight or flight response, increases heart rate and blood flow to muscles

29
Q

what is source, role and effect of insulin

A

pancreas, controls blood sugar level, stimulates liver to turn glucose into glycogen for storage

30
Q

what is source, role and effect of testosterone

A

testes, main male sex hormone, promotes male secondary characterists

31
Q

what is source, role and effect of progesterone

A

ovaries, supports pregnancy, maintains lining of uterus

32
Q

what is source, role and effect of oestrogen

A

ovaries, main famale sex hormone, controls menstrual cycle and promotes female secondary characteristics

33
Q

what is source, role and effect of ADH

A

pituitary gland, controls water content, increases permeability of collecting duct

34
Q

what is source, role and effect of FSH

A

pituitary gland, female sex hormone, causing egg to mature in ovary, stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen

35
Q

what is source, role and effect of LH

A

pituitary gland, female sex hormone, stimulates release of an egg from ovary

36
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a constant internal environment

37
Q

3 ways water is lost

A
  1. skin as sweat
  2. lungs as break
  3. kidney as urine
38
Q

what happens if you are to hot

A
  1. sweet produced, when evaporates it transfers energy from skin to environment
  2. blood vessels close to the surface of the skin widen - vasodilation allowing more blood near surface so it can transfer more energy to surroundings
  3. hairs lie flat
39
Q

what happens when your cold

A
  1. little sweat is produced
  2. blood vessels near the surface of the surface constrict - vasoconstriction. less blood flows near the surface so less energy is transferred to surroundings
  3. shiver increases rate of respiration which transfers more energy to warm body
  4. hairs stand on air to trap an insulating layer of air which keeps you warm
40
Q

why do seller organisms cool faster

A

bigger SA:V ration so loose heat faster

41
Q

hoe fo animals in cold conditions reduce heat loss

A

have compact shape to keep SA to a minimun

42
Q

what are auxins

A

plant growth hormones which control growth at tops of shoots and roots

43
Q

what are shoots called if they grow toward the light

A

positive phototrophic

44
Q

what happens when a shoot tip is exposed to light

A

accumulates more auxin on the side thats in the shade than in the light. this makes the cells elongate faster or the shared side so the shoot bends towards the light

45
Q

what are shoots that grow away from gravity called

A

negatively geotrophic

46
Q

what happens when a shoot is growing sideways

A

gravity produces an unequal distribution fo auxin in the tip with more auxin on the lower side. this causes the lower side to grow faster, bending the shoot upwards

47
Q

the name when roots grow towards gravity

A

positively geotropic

48
Q

what’s the name when roots grow away from light

A

negitively phototrophic

49
Q

what happens when roots grow sideways

A

more auxin on lower side. root with extra auxin inhibits growth. the cells on top elongate faster and the root bends downwards.

50
Q

what happens when root is exposed to light

A

more auxin accumulate on more shaded side. auxin inhibits cell elongation on the shaded side so the root bends downwards, back into the ground. roots that are underground aren’t exposed to light so they grow downwards due to positive gravitropism

GCSE bio (8 decks)

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