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Geography Paper 1 - Physical Geography > Section A - Tectonic Processes and Hazards > Flashcards

Section A - Tectonic Processes and Hazards Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

What is a constructive plate boundary?

A

Also known as a divergent plate boundary - two plates pulling apart

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2
Q

What is a destructive plate boundary? (3 EGs)

A

Also known as a convergent plate boundary - two plates colliding - EG Pinatubo, Haiti and Japan

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3
Q

What is a conservative plate boundary?

A

Two plates sliding past each other

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4
Q

Case study - Japan (Tohoku) - Type of hazard, year, developed/developing

A
  • Earthquake
  • 2011
  • Developed
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5
Q

Case study - Japan (Tohoku) - Magnitude

A

9.0 on the Richter Scale

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6
Q

Case study - Japan (Tohoku) - Cause of hazard

A

Sudden tectonic movement on the destructive boundary between the Pacific and Okhotsk plates

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7
Q

Case study - Japan (Tohoku) - Primary impacts (deaths and homeless)

A

15,500 deaths
450,000 homeless

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8
Q

Case study - Japan (Tohoku) - Secondary impacts (cost of damages)

A

$235 billion in damages

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9
Q

Case study - Japan (Tohoku) - Immediate responses

A
  • Disaster shelters established
  • People evacuated to safety
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10
Q

Case study - Japan (Tohoku) - Long term responses

A
  • More earthquake prediction technology installed
  • More earthquake proof buildings built
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11
Q

Case study - Haiti - Type of hazard, year, developed/developing

A
  • Earthquake
  • 2010
  • Developing
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12
Q

Case study - Haiti - Magnitude

A

7.1 on the Richter Scale

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13
Q

Case study - Haiti - Cause of hazard

A

Sudden tectonic movement on the destructive boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates

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14
Q

Case study - Haiti - Primary impacts (deaths and displaced)

A
  • 250,000 deaths
  • 1.5 million displaced
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15
Q

Case study - Haiti - Secondary impacts (cost)

A

$8 billion in damages

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16
Q

Case study - Haiti - Immediate responses (rescue details)

A
  • Army drafted in to help rescue people
  • 2 million people rescued up to 90 days after the disaster
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17
Q

Case study - Haiti - Long-term responses (how many in temp shelters?)

A
  • Some efforts to rehouse those affected, but over 1 million still live in temporary shelters
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18
Q

Case study - Iceland - Type of hazard, year, developed/developing

A
  • Volcano
  • 2010
  • Developed
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19
Q

Case study - Iceland - Magnitude

20
Q

What does VEI stand for?

Study These Flashcards
A

Volcanic Explosivity Index

21
Q

Case study - Iceland - Cause of hazard

Study These Flashcards
A

Divergent boundary between the Eurasian and North American plates

22
Q

Case study - Iceland - Primary impacts (deaths, ? destroyed)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • No deaths
  • Homes and roads destroyed
23
Q

Case study - Iceland - Secondary impacts (costs)

Study These Flashcards
A

£3 billion in damages

24
Q

Case study - Iceland - Immediate responses (3)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • 700 evacuated
  • Exclusion zone created
  • More than 1000 live stock evacuated
25
Case study - Iceland - Long-term responses
Icelandic gov rebuilt river banks higher than before
26
Case study - Philippians - Type of hazard, year, developed/developing
- Volcano - 1991 - Developing
27
Case study - Philippians - Magnitude
6 VEI
28
Case study - Philippians - Cause of hazard
Convergent boundary between Eurasian and Philippine plate
29
Case study - Philippians - Primary impacts (deaths, homelessness)
- 350 deaths - 200,000 homeless
30
Case study - Philippians - Secondary impacts (cost of damages)
$700 million in damages
31
Case study - Philippians - Immediate responses
- Initial 10 billion peso fund for aid and relief - Evacuation camps set up in the immediate aftermath of the eruption
32
Case study - Philippians - Long-term responses
- 350 million peso resettlement scheme - 7.5 billion peso infrastructure rebuilding scheme
33
Models - What is Deggs model?
Shows the interaction between hazards, disasters and human vulnerability
34
What is the PAR model?
Measures the progression of vulnerability = risk = hazard x vulnerability
35
Advantages of the PAR model? (1)
- Takes many factors into account such as how vulnerable the country is, economic pressures and physical exposures
36
Disadvantages of the PAR model? (2)
- No statistics so its hard to compare - No timescale
37
Key trends of tectonic hazards in the last 50 years - What has happened to the total number of hazards?
The total number of hazards recorded over the last 50 years has increased
38
Key trends of tectonic hazards in the last 50 years - What has happened to the number of natural disasters since 2000?
The number of natural disasters has been falling since the early 2000s
39
Key trends of tectonic hazards in the last 50 years - What has happened to the number of deaths from disasters?
The number of deaths from disasters has decreased except in the case of mega-disasters
40
Key trends of tectonic hazards in the last 50 years - What has happened to the number of people affected by hazards?
The number of people affected by hazards is increasing especially for hydrological and meteorological hazards
41
Key trends of tectonic hazards in the last 50 years - What has happened to the economic cost of hazards and disasters?
Economic costs of hazards and disasters has increased significantly since the 1960s
42
What is a multiple hazard zone?
Multiple hazard zones are places where two or more natural hazards occur, and in some cases interact to produce complex disasters
43
MHZ case study - Philippians - Tropical storms
Tropical storms in the Philippians - Typhoon Haiyan - Nov 2013
44
MHZ case study - Philippians - Earthquakes - magnitude, deaths, injuries
Earthquakes in the Philippians - 2013 - Magnitude 7.2 earthquake - killed over 200 people and injured over 800
45
MHZ case study - Philippians - Volcanic activity
23 active volcanoes – Mount Pinatubo 1991 – early warnings saved around 5000 people – eruption then followed by Typhoon Yuana – final death toll around 850

Geography Paper 1 - Physical Geography (5 decks)

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