SECTION B

Question 1

*A) Mention all four (4) types of sentences and give their meanings

Answer 1

• Declarative: A sentence that makes a statement or expresses an opinion.
• Interrogative: A sentence that asks a question.
• Imperative: A sentence that gives a command or request.
• Exclamatory: A sentence that expresses strong emotion.

Question 2

B) Explain how each meaning is expressed in a sentence (4 marks)

Answer 2

• Declarative: Expressed through statements, e.g., “The sky is blue.”
• Interrogative: Expressed through questions, e.g., “Is the sky blue?”
• Imperative: Expressed through commands or requests, e.g., “Close the door.”
• Exclamatory: Expressed through exclamations, e.g., “What a beautiful sunset!”

Question 3

*B) Explain how each meaning is expressed in a sentence

Answer 3

• Declarative: Expressed through statements, e.g., “The sky is blue.”
• Interrogative: Expressed through questions, e.g., “Is the sky blue?”
• Imperative: Expressed through commands or requests, e.g., “Close the door.”
• Exclamatory: Expressed through exclamations, e.g., “What a beautiful sunset!”

Question 4

*C) Briefly explain four (4) flaws that arise from definitions with one (1) example each

Answer 4

1. Ambiguity: When a term has multiple meanings, leading to confusion.
   Example: “Bank” can mean a financial institution or the side of a river.
2. Vagueness: When a term is not clearly defined, leading to imprecision.
   Example: “Tall” can vary depending on context.
3. Circularity: When a definition includes the term being defined.
   Example: “A runner is someone who runs.”
4. Overly Broad: When a definition includes too many things.
   Example: “Vehicle” can include cars, bikes, planes, etc

Question 5

*D) Explain one difference between an inductive argument and a deductive argument

Answer 5

• Inductive arguments involve reasoning from specific cases to general principles (probabilistic conclusions).
• Deductive arguments involve reasoning from general principles to specific cases (certain conclusions)

Question 6

*A) Define Connotation and Denotation

Answer 6

• Connotation: The emotional or cultural associations attached to a word.
• Denotation: The literal, dictionary definition of a word.

Question 7

*B) Give one (1) difference between Modus Tollens and Modus Ponens with three (3) examples each

Answer 7

• Difference:
  
  • Modus Ponens: If P → Q, and P is true, then Q must be true.
  • Modus Tollens: If P → Q, and Q is false, then P must also be false

Question 8

Examples of Modus Tollens:

Answer 8

1. If it is raining, then the ground is wet. The ground is not wet. Therefore, it is not raining.
2. If she is a doctor, then she has a degree. She does not have a degree. Therefore, she is not a doctor.
3. If the car is running, then the engine is on. The engine is not on. Therefore, the car is not running.

Question 9

Examples of Modus Ponens:

Answer 9

1. If it is raining, then the ground is wet. It is raining. Therefore, the ground is wet.
2. If she is a doctor, then she has a degree. She is a doctor. Therefore, she has a degree.
3. If the car is running, then the engine is on. The car is running. Therefore, the engine is on.

Question 10

*C) Mention and define four (4) types of definitions with one (1) example each

Answer 10

1. Lexical Definition: The dictionary definition of a term.
   Example: “Dog” means a domesticated carnivorous mammal.
2. Stipulative Definition: A definition given for a specific purpose.
   Example: “For this study, ‘youth’ refers to individuals aged 15-24.”
3. Precising Definition: A definition that reduces vagueness.
   Example: “For legal purposes, ‘adult’ means anyone 18 years or older.”
4. Persuasive Definition: A definition intended to influence attitudes.
   Example: “Freedom means the ability to make choices withoutrestriction.”