Section B Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is development?
The process of improving the economic, social, and environmental quality of life in a country.
What are the country classifications LIC, NEE, and HIC?
LIC: Low-Income Country; NEE: Newly Emerging Economy; HIC: High-Income Country, classified by GDP per capita and development indicators.
Name three economic development indicators.
GDP per capita, employment structure, GNI.
Name three social development indicators.
Life expectancy, literacy rate, infant mortality rate.
What is the Human Development Index (HDI) and why is it reliable?
A composite index measuring life expectancy, education, and per capita income; reliable because it combines multiple dimensions of development.
Describe the Demographic Transition Model (DTM).
A model showing how birth and death rates change over five stages as a country develops, from high rates in Stage 1 to low rates in Stage 5.
What are the physical causes of uneven development?
Climate, natural resources distribution, and susceptibility to natural hazards.
What are the human causes of uneven development?
Political instability, trade patterns, colonial history, and levels of education and infrastructure.
What are the consequences of uneven development?
Wealth gaps between regions, migration flows, health disparities, and social inequality.
What is microfinance and what are its pros and cons?
Small loans to entrepreneurs in LICs/NEEs; pros: empowers local businesses; cons: small scale and high interest rates.
What is aid and what are its pros and cons?
Financial or resource assistance from one country/organisation to another; pros: funds infrastructure and services; cons: risk of corruption and dependency.
What is debt relief and what are its pros and cons?
Cancelling or restructuring national debt; pros: frees funds for development; cons: may come with conditions and ignore local needs.
What is foreign direct investment (FDI) and what are its pros and cons?
Investment by TNCs in another country; pros: creates jobs and infrastructure; cons: profits may be repatriated and environmental harm.
What is fair trade and what are its pros and cons?
A trading partnership ensuring fair prices and conditions for producers; pros: fair wages; cons: small proportion reaches farmers and higher consumer prices.
What is appropriate technology and what are its pros and cons?
Technology suited to local needs and skills; pros: affordable and maintainable; cons: may be less efficient or scalable.
How has tourism affected Tunisia?
Tourism has generated jobs, increased GDP through the multiplier effect, improved literacy rates, and enhanced girls’ education.
What political, industrial, and social factors influence Nigeria’s development?
Political: corruption and governance; Industrial: oil production and TNC presence; Social: young workforce and education levels.
What are the pros of Shell Oil in Nigeria?
Creates employment, contributes to GDP, and invests in local infrastructure.
What are the cons of Shell Oil in Nigeria?
Oil spills causing environmental damage and profit repatriation limiting local benefits.
What is the post-industrial shift in the UK economy?
Movement from manufacturing (secondary) to service (tertiary) and knowledge-based (quaternary) industries.
What are the benefits and issues of HS2 and Heathrow expansion?
Benefits: improved connectivity and economic growth; Issues: high cost, environmental impact, and community opposition.
How is the North–South divide in the UK being tackled?
Investment in northern infrastructure (e.g., HS2), enterprise zones, and skills training programmes.
How should you structure a 6-mark question explaining physical vs human factors?
Define both factors, give two examples of each affecting development, and explain their relative importance.
How should you structure a 9-mark question evaluating development strategies?
Introduce strategies, discuss pros and cons of at least three with evidence, compare effectiveness, and conclude on overall success.
