Section B: health in Australia

Question 1

Cardio-vascular disease (CVD)

Answer 1

Conditions that affect the heart and connected systems.

Question 2

Coronary heart disease

Answer 2

A build up of plaque in a patient’s heart’s major blood vessels, causing blood flow to be restricted.

Question 3

Cerebrovascular

Answer 3

Any condition that affects the blood flow to the brain.

Question 4

Angina

Answer 4

Also sometimes called angina pectoris, it is a chest pain caused by a reduced flow of blood to the heart

Question 5

myocardial infarction

Answer 5

Also known as a heart attack, it describes a significant decrease or stopping of blood flow to the heart.

Question 6

Blood pressure

Answer 6

Blood pressure describes how filled arteries, veins and blood vessels are by blood, thus putting pressure on these organs. This is usually measured through the brachial artery.

Question 7

Atrium and ventricle

Answer 7

The atrium is the upper part of the heart. There is both a left and a right atrium. The ventricle is the lower part of the heart. There is both a left and a right ventricle

Question 8

atherosclerosis

Answer 8

thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery.

Question 9

what proportion of deaths is CVD responsible for in aus

Answer 9

1/4 (heart foundation 2024)

Question 9

What proportion of Australians live with CVD

Answer 9

1/6 (heart foundation 2024)

Question 10

Name modifiable risk factors for CVD

Answer 10

Smoking, Alcohol, poor diet, sedentary lifestyle

Question 11

Name non modifiable risk factors for CVD

Answer 11

genetics
age
sex
race

Question 12

what does CABG stand for

Answer 12

coronary artery bypass graft

Question 13

what is an angioplasty and stent?

Answer 13

a balloon is inserted into the effected artery and inflated along with a stent being implanted

Question 14

Name comunity risk reduction strategies for CVD

Answer 14

jump rope for heart
5 and 2 (fruit and veg)
find 30 (exercise)
the heart foundation
QUIT line (for smoking)

Question 15

explain Medicare

Question 16

explain the NDIS

Question 17

explain private vs public healthcare

Question 18

explain the PBS

Question 19

explain private health cover

Question 20

how does a coronary artery bypass graft work?

Answer 20

Bypass surgery where a blood vessel from another area of the body is put to circumvent the affected artery

Question 20

How often is someone hospitalised with cvd in aus?

Answer 20

every minute which is 1500 a day (heart foundation 2024)

Question 21

how much does CVD cost the Australian economy annually?

Answer 21

5 billion (heart foundation 2024)

Question 22

what does CABG stand for?

Answer 22

Coronary artery bypass graft

Question 23

what is a Coronary artery bypass graft

Answer 23

Bypass surgery where a blood vessel from another area of the body is put to circumvent the affected artery

Question 24

how does a pasemaker work?

Answer 24

a small device usually implanted under the skin near the collarbone and usually has 2 leads going into the heart, these leads send small electrical impulses to get the heart to beat correctly, some pacemakers are running at all times while others detect when they are needed and turn on only then

Question 25

how does an implanted defibrillator work?

Answer 25

similar to a pacemaker it is a small implanted device but instead of being used for irregular heart rhythms, it is used for cardiac arrest to shock the heart back into sinus rhythm

Question 26

What medications can help with CVD

Answer 26

Aspirin can prevent the blood clots from forming Angina can be treated by nitrate mouth spray Beta blockers can the heart beat stronger and slower

Question 27

how many deaths did diabetes cause in 2022

Answer 27

6,000 (ABS 2022)

Question 28

where in the ranking of leading causes of death was diabetes?

Answer 28

diabetes is the 7th leading cause of death (ABS 2022)

Question 29

how many diabetes patients are there in aus

Answer 29

1.3 million (AIHW 2022)

Question 30

what are the 3 main types of diabetes

Answer 30

type 1 type 2 gestational

Question 31

explain type 1 diabetes

Answer 31

autoimmune, the immune system attacking the islet sells which make insulin. usually starts in childhood or adolescence. no cure

Question 32

explain type 2 diabetes

Answer 32

most common, the body is unable to produce enough insulin to keep up with the body's needs

Question 33

explain gestational diabetes

Answer 33

occurs in pregnant people between 24 and 28 weeks though to occur because extra insulin is needed during pregnancy

Question 34

What are some modifiable risk factors for diabetes

Answer 34

diet living a sedentary lifestyle alcohol smoking

Question 35

explain some non modifiable risk factors for diabetes

Answer 35

genetics age race SES

Question 36

explain some personal risk reduction strategies for diabetes

Question 37

explain some community risk reduction strategies for diabetes

Question 38

what are some programs for diabetes

Answer 38

Diabetes Australia - research, information, NDSS (subsidizes medical supplies), support groups, take diabetes 2 heart - campaign targeting t2d patients encouraging them to speak with medial professionals, eat well and get moving

Question 39

explain some treatments for diabetes

Answer 39

blood sugar monitoring taking synthetic insulin diet exercise drugs

Question 40

how much more likely are indigenous Australians to experience high levels of psycological distress

Answer 40

2.7 times (AIHW 2024)

Question 41

how much more likely are indigenous Australians to die before their 5th birthday

Answer 41

2.1 times (AIHW 2024)

Question 42

what is the life expectancy of indigenous males

Answer 42

males - 71.9 vs 80.6 difference of 8.8

Question 43

Wat is the life expectancy of indigenous females

Answer 43

Females -75.6 vs 83.8 Difference of 8.1

Question 44

what are some physical environmental factors contributing to indigenous Australians poorer health outcomes

Question 45

what are some socio-cultural factors contributing to indigenous Australians poorer health outcomes

Question 46

what are some political factors contributing to indigenous Australians poorer health outcomes

Question 47

what are some groups that exist to help indigenous health

Answer 47

Aboriginal Quitline - An offshoot of the national Quitline to help people quit smoking tabaco, the Aboriginal Quitline targets the aboriginal community to aid in reducing the number rate of cigarette use in Indigenous populations. This helpline is trained to help Indigenous people in a culturally appropriate way, they can help create plans, give options and refer to other programs like community support groups. The Aboriginal road to health program - A Victorian program targeting type 2 diabetes in Indigenous populations. Aims to help people make consistent lifestyle changes that can aid in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. These changes can also help in the prevention of CVD etc.