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My Packs: UWO (MICROIMM 2500) > (Section B: Immunology) Lecture 11: Innate Immunity II > Flashcards

(Section B: Immunology) Lecture 11: Innate Immunity II Flashcards

1
Q

Describe:

Anatomy of the Immune Response

A
  1. Infection/Infection
  2. Innate immunity
  3. Lymphatic/Blood flow in to lymphoid organ
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2
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A
  • Parallel to circulatory
  • Comprised of lymphatic capillaries, lymph nodes etc.
  • Lined with endothelial cells
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3
Q

What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

A

“Highway for WBCs”
* Allows white blood cells to travel to and from site of infection/injury

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4
Q

How do lymphatic capillaries run?

A
  • Close to veins and arterioles
  • Does not touch them
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5
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A
  • Where lymph vessels come together
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6
Q

What are the major lymph nodes in the body?

A
  • Tonsils
  • Groin
  • Armpit
  • Peyer’s patches (intestines)
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7
Q

Describe:

Structure of a lymph node

A
  • Center is called the medulla
  • Surrounding area is called the cortex

Cortex is comprised of:
* Follicle: B-cell zone
* Paracortex: T-cell zone

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8
Q

Describe:

Structure of the Spleen

A
  • Red pulp: Recycle RBCs (dead or dying), prevents iron from being released
  • White pulp: Location of WBCs

White pulp comprises of the T-cell zone
Follicles comprises of the B-cell zone

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9
Q

What are the two types of pathogen recognition?

A
  1. Adaptive recognition
  2. Innate recognition
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10
Q

Pathogen

A

“Sickness generating”

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

How are pathogen detected?

A
  • Sensed by receptors
  • Receptors send signals
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13
Q

Describe:

Intracellular Signaling Pathways

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Response
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14
Q

How does reception work?

A
  • Transmembrane protein
  • Has intracellular component to send signals inside
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15
Q

How does the transduction work?

A

Signal-transduction pathway
* Some signals are ON signals, some are OFF signals
* Ex. Normally something is ON, the signal might tell it to turn OFF

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16
Q

How does the response work?

A

Activation of cellular responses
* Pathways can overlap and “talk” to each other
* Ex. One signal pathway can trigger many others along the way

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17
Q

Define:

PRRs

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors
* Expressed at surface and within many cell types
* Ex. WBC, some lymphocytes, and some epithelial cells

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18
Q

What do PRRs recognize?

A

Recognize evolutionarily conserved, invairant regions of pathogens
* Can also recognize damage or infection signals

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19
Q

How is the specificity of PRRs determined?

A

Germline-encoded

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20
Q

What are PRRs critical for?

A

Initiating immune responses

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21
Q

List:

4 Families of PRRs

A
  1. Toll-like receptors (TLR)
  2. C-type lectin receptors (CLR)
  3. Nucleotide oligomerization receptors (NLR)
  4. RIG-I like receptors (RLR)
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22
Q

Toll-like receptors (TLR)

A
  • “Toll” means “crazy”
  • Humans and mammals have many Toll genes
  • Can recognize a wide variety of patterns
  • Located on cell surface or on endosomes
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23
Q

Where are C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) located?

A

On cell surface

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24
Q

Where are nucleotide oligomerization receptors (NLRs) located?

A

Cytosol

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25
Where are RIG-I like receptors (RLRs) located?
Cytosol
26
What do PRRs recognize?
PAMPs * Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
27
# List: Examples of PAMPs
* Mannose-rich oligosaccharides * Peptidoglycans * Lipopolysaccharides * Unmethylated CpG DNA (unmethylated cytosine-guanine dinucleotide in DNA)
28
Examples of PAMPS in bacteria
* Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) * Peptidoglycan (PGN) * Lipoproteins * DNA * Flagellin * Lipopolyssacharide (LPS)
29
Examples of PAMPs in viruses
* Viral nucleic aicds * Capsid and surface proteins
30
What is a PAMP in yeast?
Zymosan (beta-glucan)
31
How can PAMPs be classified?
* Critical for microbe structure * Viral * Critical for microbe pathogenicity
32
# List: PAMPs critical for microbe structure
* **Peptidoglycan** & **Lipoteichoic Acid**: In cell walls of Gram-Positive bacteria * **Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)**: In the cell wall of Gram-Negative bacteria * **Mannan**: In the cell wall of yeast * **Glucan**: In the cell wall of fungi
33
# List: PAMP critical for microbe pathogenicity
Bacterial Flagellin
34
What is the structure of toll-like receptors?
Dimers * Two protein subunits together
35
Where are Toll-Like Receptors located?
1. On the surface membrane of the cell (allows detection and initiation of phagocytosis) 2. On the endosome/lysosomes (tells the cell what is inside the endosome/lysosome based on what signal is activated)
36
DAMPs
Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns * Released as a consequence of cellular damage
37
When are DAMPs released?What are examples of DAMPS?
Released when damage occurs (cuts, scrapes etc.) * **ATP** * **Uric acid** * **Mitochondrial DNA** * **Histones** (should only be present in the nucleus during normal conditions) * **Heat shock proteins (HSPs)** * **S100** * **Hight Mobility Group Proteins (HMGB1)**
38
What form of extracellular communication allows for communication between cells of the immune system?
Cytokines * "Cell movement"
39
Do all cells respond to cytokines?
No, only the target cells with receptor for the cytokine will receive it
40
# List: Cytokine modes of action
1. Pleiotropy 2. Redundancy 3. Cascade induction
41
Pleiotropy
**Same cytokine** act on different cells to evoke **different responses**
42
Redundancy
**Different cytokines** evoke **same response** in cells
43
Cascade induction
Action of a cytokine on a cell induces production of one or more additional cytokines
44
What are the 6 major cytokine families?
1. Interleukin-1 family 2. Class 1 (hematopoietin) cytokine family 3. Class 2 (interferon) cytokine family 4. Tumor necrosis factor family 5. Interleukin-17 family 6. Chemokines
45
# Functions of: Interleukin-1 family cytokines
Includes important inflammatory mediators
46
# Functions of: Class 1 (hematopoietin) cytokine family
Striking sequence and functional diversity, responsible for many roles in immune system
47
# Functions of: Class 2 (interferon) cytokine family
Important roles in antiviral responses
48
# Functions of: Tumor necrosis factor family
Plays roles in inflammation
49
# Functions of: Interleukin-17 family cytokines
Professor will not teach anything about this family
50
# Functions of: Chemokines
Serves chemoattractant function * Tells cells where to go in body
51
State the receptors for each family of cytokines
1. Interleukin-1 family receptors 2. Class 1 receptors 3. Interferon-type receptors (class 2) 4. TNF receptors 5. IL-17 receptors 6. Chemokine receptors
52
What are the structures like for cytokine receptors?
1. Monomeric 2. Dimeric 3. Trimeric/Multimeric
53
Are the two protein subunits for dimeric cytokine receptors the same or different?
Both * Can be hetero- * Can be homo-
54
# State: Relationship between dissociation constant and monomer/dimer/multimer
Multimers have lower dissociation constants (Kd) * Thus high affinity for their signals
55
# Describe: IL-2 Signal transduction pathway
1. Signal recruits and activates JAK family tyrosine kinases, phosphorylation of receptor 2. Also phosphorylates STAT (Single Transduction and Activation of Transcription) Proteins 3. Travels into nucleus to turn on/off certain genes Known as the JAK/STAT pathway
56
What is IL-2 reponsible for?
Communication between WBCs, tells cells to divide
57
What are the main responsibilities of chemokines?
Promote cellular migration, tells cells where to go in the body
58
What are chemokines secreted by?
Immune and Non-immune cells
59
How do interferon cytokines work?
Virus infected cells secrete Type 1 interferon (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta) * Initiates immune responses by activating dendritic cells
60
What cellular responses can be activated by cytokines?
1. Changes in gene expression (transcription), turned on/off 2. Changes in protein expression (translation), turned on/off 3. Cell division 4. Cell movement 5. Cell differentiation 6. Cell survival (life/death)

My Packs: UWO (MICROIMM 2500) (30 decks)

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