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BEH 0003 > Section C > Flashcards

Section C Flashcards

1
Q

Measurement Systems Info

A

Some classes of a behavior lend themselves to a specific of recording; others to another

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2
Q

Data

A

The material that influences and evaluates behavior analytic services
- Empirically guides you
- Quantitative results of measurement
- Raw data doesn’t tell you much, this is why ABA uses graphs

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3
Q

Occurrence

A

Something that occurs, and the action or fact of happening or occurring

AKA: Repeatability; Percentage measures

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4
Q

Occurrence AKAs

A
  • Repeatability
  • Percentage measures
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5
Q

Repeatability Measures (Definition & Details)

A

Behavior that is counted

  • Behavior must have a clear start and end
  • Do not use for continuous behaviors with long durations

3 Types: Count; Rate; Celeration

AKAs: Countability; Occurrence; Event recording

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6
Q

3 Types of Repeatability Measures

A
  • Count
  • Rate
  • Celeration
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7
Q

Repeatability Measures AKAs

A
  • Countability
  • Occurrence
  • Event recording
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8
Q

Count (Definitions & Details)

A
  • The # of occurrences
  • Not enough information for programming decisions
  • Use when observations time is constant across observations

AKA: Frequency

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9
Q

Count AKAs

A

Frequency

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10
Q

Rate (Definition & Details)

A
  • # of occurrences / time
  • Unit of time must be standard to compare data
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11
Q

Rate (Use)

A
  • Use for free operant behavior
  • NOT for DTT and continuous behaviors
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12
Q

Celeration (Definition& Details)

A
  • Changes in rate / time
  • Must be a min of 7 measures
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13
Q

Celeration (Use)

A

Use for examining rates of response change over time; fluency

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14
Q

Percentage Facts

A
  • An occurrence measurement
  • Proportional quantity
  • Min. 30 response opportunities
  • No % over 100%
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15
Q

Trials to Criterion (Definition)

A
  • An occurrence measurement
  • A measure of the # of response opportunities to achieve a pre-specified level of performance
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16
Q

Trials to Criterion (Use)

A
  • Evaluation mastery of a class of concepts
  • Comparing 2 or more procedures
  • Measuring skills
  • Can be measured by count, rate, duration, and latency
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17
Q

2 Types of Derivative Measures of Occurrence

A
  • Percentage
  • Trials to criterion
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18
Q

Percentage Cons

A
  • Assumed progress
  • Doesn’t reflect fluency
  • Restricts limits of data
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19
Q

Temporal Dimensions of Behavior (Definition)

A
  • Measure behavior using timing
  • Data measures the length and/or point in time of behavior

Categories:
- Temporal extent: Duration
- Temporal locus: Latency; IRT

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20
Q

Temporal Dimensions of Behavior Categories

A

Temporal extent
- Duration

Temporal locus
- Latency
- IRT

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21
Q

Duration (Definition)

A

Length of time the behavior occurs from the onset to offset

2 Methods to Calculate:
- Total Duration
- Duration per Occurrence

AKA: Temporal Extent

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22
Q

Duration (Use)

A

Primary time is the amount of time a client engages in a behavior; High rates of behavior

2 Methods to Calculate:
- Total Duration
- Duration per Occurrence

AKA: Temporal Extent

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23
Q

2 Methods to Calculate Duration

A

Total Duration: Add up the cumulative amount of time your client engages in the response in the total session

Duration per Occurrence: Measure the duration of time that each episode of the response

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24
Q

Duration AKAs

A

Temporal Extent

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25
Q

Latency (Definition)

A

Duration of time between the onset of a stimulus and initiation of a behavior
- Reported using means and medians of response latencies per observation period

AKA: Response latency

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26
Q

Latency (Use)

A

Use for when your primary concern is in the response latencies that are too long or short

AKA: Response latency

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27
Q

Interresponse Time (IRT) (Definition)

A

Duration of time that elapse between 2 consecutive instances of behavior
- Report as: Mean, media, and range of IRT per session

Rates of responding
- Shorter IRT = Higher rate
- Longer IRT = Lower rate

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28
Q

Interresponse Time (IRT) (Use)

A

When your primary concern is the time between behaviors; identifying interval criteria for DRO schedules
- Used in: DRL and DHR

Rates of responding
- Shorter IRT = Higher rate
- Longer IRT = Lower rate

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29
Q

Latency AKAs

A

Response latency

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30
Q

Types of Definitional Measure

A
  • Topography
  • Magnitude
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31
Q

Topography (Definition)

A
  • Measurable and changeable dimension of behavior
  • Physical form/shape of behavior
  • NOT function; Different topographies can have the same function

AKA: Form

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32
Q

Topography (Use)

A

Measuring behaviors that require a specific form, style, physical skill to be correct and/or effective

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33
Q

Topography AKAs

A

Form

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34
Q

Magnitude (Use)

A

Use for measuring the force of a behavior when the specific intensity is needed for successful responding, severity of dangerous behaviors

AKAs: Strength; Force; Intensity; Severity

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35
Q

Magnitude AKAs

A
  • Strength
  • Force
  • Intensity
  • Severity
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36
Q

Direct Measure of Behavior (Definition & Use)

A
  • Measuring behavior as it is occurring
  • Use for: Free operant; Discrete; Minor displacement in space/time
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37
Q

Indirect Measures of Behavior (Definition & Use)

A
  • When behavior can’t/ isn’t being measured as it is happening; Used when there are no means of getting direct access to a behavior
  • Inferences are made about what occurred vs what actually occurred
  • Violates the APPLIED dimension of ABA
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38
Q

Product Measures (Definition & Ways)

A
  • Measure behavior after it has occurred by looking at changes in the environment
  • Can be measured: Naturally (bylooking); Event recording; Timing; Time sampling
39
Q

Product Measures Pros

A
  • Freedom to do other things
  • Allows data collection for inconveniently time behaviors (sleeping)
  • Increasingly, correct, complete and continuous data (rewatching a video)
  • Allows multiple measurers; IOA
  • Can examine behaviors with multiple response classes and intricacies
  • No reactivity
40
Q

Should you use product measures? (4Qs)

A
  1. Is real time better? If data needs to be measured immediately > No
  2. Can this behavior actually be measured by product measure? If each response does not produce the same permanent produce AND other response can produce the product > No
  3. Will a contrived product negatively impact the behavior? (Camera reactivity)
  4. Is it costly? If it is too costly and not worth it > No
41
Q

Time Sampling Procedures (Definition)

A

Direct methods to recording behaviors during intervals or at specific moments in time

3 Forms:
- Whole
- Partial
- MTS

AKAs: Interval recording; Discontinuous measurement system

42
Q

Time Sampling Procedures (Use/Nonuse)

A
  • Use for continuous behavior or high rate behavior
  • Behavior with no clear start / end (Not discrete)
  • Don’t use for: Specific critical (but infrequent) behaviors
43
Q

Whole Interval Recording (Details)

A
  • A form of time sampling
  • Record behavior during the ENTIRE interval
  • Produces an estimate of total duration
  • Report the % of total intervals
44
Q

Whole Interval Recording (Use/Nonuse & Outcomes)

A
  • Use for: When you want to increase behavior because
  • Don’t use for: Behaviors you want to decrease
  • Underestimates the % of a behavior’s occurrence
  • Longer intervals are more likely to produce underestimations
45
Q

Time Sampling AKAs

A
  • Interval recording
  • Discontinuous measurement system
46
Q

Partial Interval Recording (Details)

A
  • A form of time sampling
  • Overestimates the % of a behavior’s occurrence AND total duration
  • Underestimates the rate of high-rate behaviors
47
Q

Partial Interval Recording (Use/Nonuse & Outcomes)

A
  • Overestimates the % of a behavior’s occurrence AND total duration
  • Underestimates the rate of high-rate behaviors
  • More conservative; use when you want decrease a behavior
  • Don’t use: When the target behavior is one you want to increase
48
Q

Momentary Time Sampling (Details)

A
  • A form of time sampling
  • Record behavior at the END of the interval ONLY
  • Report the % of total intervals in which the behavior occurred
  • Misses a lot of behavior
49
Q

Momentary Time Sampling (Use/Nonuse)

A

Use
- When you are not able to continuously measure throughout the entire interval
- Easily identifiable behaviors
- When measuring multiple behaviors at a time

Don’t use for
- You care about the behavior being accounted for
- Low count and short duration

50
Q

Planned Activity Check

A

A variation of MTS for groups

AKA: PLACHECK

51
Q

3 Indicators of Trustworthy Measurement

A
  • Validity: Data is valid when it represents the relevant dimension of the behavior
  • Accuracy: Data is accurate when the observed value is the true value
  • Reliability: Data is reliable when repeat measurements produce the same result
52
Q

3 Indicators of Trustworthy Measurement (Description)

A
  • Relative concepts that range from low to high
  • Must be valid and accurate to be trustworthy

Ranging low to high
- Validity
- Accuracy
- Reliability

53
Q

Validity (Defintion)

A
  • An indicator of trustworthiness
  • Represents the relevant dimension of the behavior
  • Most important; without it accuracy and reliability are moot
  • Inaccuracy makes Valid data Invalid

Threats
- Indirect measurements
- Measurement artifacts
- Measuring the wrong things

54
Q

Validity (3 Fundamentals)

A
  • Relevant dimension
  • Directly measuring socially significant target behavior
  • A guarantee that the data represents the behavior occurring in the conditions of interest

Threats
- Indirect measurements
- Measurement artifacts
- Measuring the wrong things

55
Q

Threats to Validity

A
  • Indirect measurements; Measure by proxy
  • Measurement artifacts: Does not provide a meaningful representation of the behavior (Misleading)
  • Measuring the wrong things / dimension (Most threatening to Validity)
56
Q

Measurement Artifacts (Definition & Causes)

A

A threat to Validity

Does not provide a meaningful representation of the behavior (Misleading)

3 Causes
1. Discontinuous measurements - Produces over and underestimations
2. Poorly scheduled measurement periods
3. Limiting measurement scales - An artificial floor / ceiling

57
Q

Accuracy (Not on Task List)

A
  • An indicator of trustworthiness
  • The observed value is the true value
  • Helps us to identify and fix issues with IOA
  • If measurement is not Valid, makes Accuracy moot
  • If true values can’t be established, rely on reliability

Threats
- Human error (#1 Threat to Accuracy)
- Weak measurement system
- Poor observer training
- Measurement bias
- Reactivity

58
Q

Threats to Accuracy & Reliability

A
  • Human error (#1 Threat to Accuracy)
  • -Poorly designed measurement systems
  • -Bad observer training
  • -Unintended influences on observer
  • Weak measurement system
  • Poor observer training
  • Measurement bias
  • Reactivity
59
Q

Reliability

A
  • An indicator of trustworthiness
  • Dependability of measurement
  • Repeat measurements produce the same result
  • Poor reliability = Problems with accuracy
  • Reliable does not mean valid or accurate

Threats
- Human error
- Weak measurement system
- Poor observer training
- Measurement bias
- Reactivity

60
Q

Threats to Reliability

A

Human error (#1 threat to reliability)

Weak measurement system

Poor observer training

Measurement bias

Reactivity

61
Q

Weak Measurements Systems

A

Threats to Accuracy & Reliability

  • The more behaviors being recorded, the worse your data
  • Use simple measurement systems to reduce errors
62
Q

Poor Observer Training

A

Threats to Accuracy & Reliability
- Train to a standard of established competency
- Provide ongoing training to minimize observer drift

63
Q

Observer Drift

A

Threats to Accuracy & Reliability: Poor Observer Training
- When observers have a shift / drift in how they interpret the operational definition of the target

  • To minimize, collect IOA
  • If needed, retrain observers on the correct operational definitions
64
Q

Measurement Bias

A

Threats to Accuracy & Reliability
- Nonrandom measurement error
- Measurement that is influenced by an expectation / belief that behavior will / won’t occur under certain conditions
- Data that overestimates or underestimates the true value of an event

65
Q

Observer Reactivity

A

When an observer’s data collection is influenced by the awareness that they are being monitored and evaluated
- Can be minimized by observing unobtrusively

66
Q

Interobserver Agreement (IOA)

A
  • Most common mean to ensure quality of measurement
  • The degree to which 2 observers report the same values
  • High IOA = High believability
67
Q

IOA (Benefits & Uses)

A
  • Assess a new staff member’s competence
  • Identify observer drift
  • Increases / decreases confidence that the definition and measurement code wasn’t too difficult
  • Supports that any data variability isn’t due to who was recording, but a change in behavior
68
Q

IOA (Information)

A
  • Reported in a %
  • Minimum of 20% of session across time
  • Goal: 100% (Minimally 80%)
69
Q

Methods for Calculating IOA

A

Repeatability: Total count; Mean count per interval; Exact count per interval; Trial by trial

Temporal/Duration: Total duration: Mean Duration (or IRT) per occurrence

Time Sampling: Interval by interval; Scored interval; Unscored interval

70
Q

Total Count IOA

A

Method of Repeatability

How: (Total smaller count / Total larger count) * 100

  • Simplest repeatability measure
  • Overestimates agreement
71
Q

Mean Count Per Interval IOA

A

Method of Repeatability

How: ((Int 1 Total IOA + Int 2 Total IOA + Int 3 Total IOA) /3 (# of Total Int)) * 100

  • Calculates the agreement between the count within each interval
72
Q

Exact Count Per Interval IOA

A

Method of Repeatability IOA

How: ((# of Int with 100% IOA) / Total # of Int) * 100

  • Strictest IOA method
  • % of total intervals in which both observers record the same thing
73
Q

Trial by Trial IOA

A

Method of Repeatability IOA

How: ((# of trials in agreement) / Total # of trails) * 100)

  • % of agreement between observers who measure occurrence or nonoccurrence of behavior
  • Use for DTT
74
Q

Total Duration IOA

A

Method of Temporal Measure IOA

How: (Shorter Duration / Longer Duration) * 100

  • % of agreement regarding total duration
  • Overestimates actual agreement
75
Q

Mean Duration Per Occerrence

A

Method of Temporal Measure IOA

How: ((Dur IOA B1 + Dur IOA B2 + Dur IOA B3) /3 (# of Behaviors)) * 100

  • Most precise temporal / duration IOA
76
Q

Interval by Interval

A

Method of Time Sampling IOA

How: ((# of Int in agreement / Total Int) * 100 )

  • # of scored and unscored Int with 100% IOA
  • Likely to overestimate agreement with behaviors that occur at a very high / low rate

AKA: Point by Point IOA; Point by Point Agreement Ratio IOA

77
Q

Interval by Interval IOA AKAs

A
  • Point by Point IOA
  • Point by Point Agreement Ratio IOA
78
Q

Scored Interval IOA

A

Method of Time Sampling IOA

How: ((# of Int with agreed occurrence) / # of Int with at least 1 recorded occurrence) * 100

  • Use for behaviors that typically occur approximately 30% of intervals or fewer
  • Only uses intervals in which both observers scored an occurrence
  • Minimizes overestimation by ignoring intervals in which measure by chance is highly likely
79
Q

Unscored Interval IOA

A

Method of Time Sampling IOA

How: ((# of Int with agreed nonoccurrence) / # of Int with at least 1 recorded nonoccurrence) * 100

  • Stricter for high rates of behavior
  • Use for behaviors that typically occur approximately 70% of intervals or more
  • Minimizes overestimation by ignoring intervals in which measure by chance is highly likely
  • Only uses intervals in which both observers scored a nonoccurrence
80
Q

Graphs

A
  • Reveals relations between a series of measurements and relevant variables
  • Visually allows you to examine quantitative info
  • For organizing, storing, interpreting, and communicating results
81
Q

5 Types of ABA graphs

A

Equal Interval: Line graph; Bar graph; Cumulative record; Scatter plot

Non-Equal Interval: Standard Celeration Chart

82
Q

Equal Interval Graph (Definition)

A

The distance between any 2 consecutive points on both the x and y axis are always the same
- All intervals are the same size

83
Q

Line Graphs

A
  • Most common graph in ABA
  • Based on the Cartesian plane
  • Show the level of some quantifiable feature of the DV in relation the IV
  • Y-axis should be shorter than the x-axis
  • Maximum of 5 different data paths on 1 set of axes
84
Q

Bar Graphs

A
  • Use for: Group summative performance; Separate data sets that aren’t related
  • Don’t use for: Trend; Variability
  • Based on Cartesian plan
  • No successive time is displayed on x-axis
85
Q

Cumulative Record (Definition & Details)

A
  • Skinner in EAB 1957
  • Total # of behaviors since the start of data collection
  • Behavior is only recorded once per observation period
  • Steeper slope = Faster rate of responding
  • Gradual slope = Slower rate of responding
86
Q

2 Types of Cumulative Record Response Rates

A
  • Overall response rate = An average rate of response over a given time period
  • Local response rate = An average rate of response during periods of time smaller than that for which an overall response rate has been given
87
Q

Scatter Plot

A
  • Illustrates the relative distribution of each measurement
  • Unconnected data points; Different symbols representing specific times
  • Use for examining patterns in the temporal distribution of the behavior

AKA: Pattern Analysis

88
Q

Scatter Plot (Pros & Cons)

A

Pros: Identifies time periods when the challenging behaviors occur

Cons:
- Correlational data only (No ABC)
- Only a hypothesis of function
- Subjective
- No replacement behaviors offered

89
Q

Standard Celeration Chart

A

Ogden Lindsley (Precision Teaching)

90
Q

4 Fundamental Properties of Behavior Change

A
  • Data points
  • Level
  • Variability
  • Trend
90
Q

Data Point

A

A Fundamental Properties of Behavior Change

  • More data and time = More confident measurement
  • High variability needs more data points; fewer needed with less variability
91
Q

Level

A

A Fundamental Properties of Behavior Change

  • A change in Level = A change in the data average
  • Line is drawn at the mean or median level
  • May camouflage variability
92
Q

Variability

A

A Fundamental Properties of Behavior Change

  • A bounce in the data
  • Use to determine how steady the data is
  • High variability = Low control over the elements that effect your client
93
Q

Trend

A

A Fundamental Properties of Behavior Change

  • Overall direction of a data path
  • Direction: Increasing; Decreasing; Zero Trend
  • Degree: Gradual; Steep

BEH 0003 (4 decks)

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