Sedative-Hypnotics Flashcards
(62 cards)
1
Q
- used to slow down mental and physical functions of the body
- aka CNS DEPRESSANTS
A
Sedative-Hypnotics
2
Q
- produce a calming effect, relax muscles, and
relieve feelings of tension, anxiety, and irritability
Higher Doses → drowsiness and eventually produce sleep
A
Sedatives
3
Q
- Drugs that have such a sleep-inducing effect
A
hypnotic drugs or hypnotics
4
Q
Phenobarbitone, pentobarbitone,
amobarbitone
A
Barbiturates
5
Q
- Aldehydes and their derivatives
- Piperidine derivatives
- Quinazoline derivatives
- Alcohols and their carbamate derivatives
- Benzodiazepine derivatives
A
Non-barbiturates
6
Q
Chlordiazepoxide, diazepam,
oxazepam, alprozolam, flurazepam, triazolam, prazepam,
halazepam, temazepam, lorazepam
A
Benzodiazepine derivatives
7
Q
Ethchlorvynol,
meprobamate, ethinamate
A
Alcohols and their carbamate derivatives
8
Q
Methaqualone
A
Quinazoline derivatives
9
Q
Glutethimide, methyprylone
A
Piperidine derivatives
10
Q
Chloral hydrate, paraldehyde,
triclofos sodium
A
Aldehydes and their derivatives
11
Q
A
12
Q
- central nervous system (CNS) depressants
(medicines that cause drowsiness) - produce a wide
spectrum of CNS depression, from mild sedation to coma, and
have been used as sedatives, hypnotics, anesthetics and
anticonvulsant - addictive and abused
- Excessive doses can cause depression, slurred speech, slowed
reflexes and confusion
A
Barbiturates
13
Q
synthesized the first barbiturate (barbituric acid
A
Von Baeyer
14
Q
synthesized diethylbarbituric acid
A
Fisher and Mering
15
Q
synthesized the first rapid onset, short duration barbiturate, the methylated oxybarbiturate (Hexobarbital)
A
Weese and Schapff
16
Q
Methohexital, Thiamylal and
Thiopental
A
Ultra short acting barbiturates
17
Q
Pentobarbital, Hexobarbital,
Secobarbital, Cyclobarbital
A
Short acting barbiturates
18
Q
Amobarbital, Butabarbital
A
Intermediate acting barbiturates
19
Q
Phenobarbital, Barbital,
Methylphenobarbital
A
Long acting barbiturates
20
Q
2,4,6-
trioxyhexahydropyrimidine
A
Barbituric acid
21
Q
derivatives of barbituric acid (2,4,6-
trioxyhexahydropyrimidine) which is devoid of hypnotic and
sedative activities
A
Barbiturates
22
Q
- “cyclic ureide of malonic
acid” - made by condensing urea with ethyl malonate in presence of sodium ethoxide
A
Barbituric acid
23
Q
Clinically important hypnotic-sedative barbiturates have
substitutions at sites ___, ___ and, especially, ___ of barbituric acid.
A
1, 2, and 5
24
Q
________ of barbituric acid and barbiturates
allows formation of water soluble salts with a strong base.
A
Keto-enol tautomerism
25
T or F
The barbiturates do not dissolve readily in water, their sodium
salts dissolve readily in water.
Buffering action of Na2CO3 plus atmospheric CO2 maintains
pH at 10 to 11. In less alkaline solutions, these barbiturates may
precipitate as the free acids; so do not reconstitute barbiturates
with normal saline and do not mix with acidic solutions of other
drugs.
T
26
site of action of barbiturates
gamma-
aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor complex
27
is made of 4 to 6 glycoprotein subunits assembled to form a ligand-gated chloride ion channel
GABA receptor complex
28
At
slightly higher concentrations, barbiturates directly activate
chloride channel opening even in the absence of GABA, leading
to
barbiturate anesthesia
29
T or F
Side effects of barbiturates include hangover with drowsiness,
dizziness, ataxia, respiratory depression, hypersensitivity
reactions, headache, particularly in elderly; paradoxical
excitement and confusion occasionally preceed sleep
T
30
- used before surgery to relieve anxiety or
tension
- used as
anticonvulsants to control seizures in certain disorders or diseases, such as epilepsy
- used to treat insomnia (trouble in
sleeping); but if they are used regularly (for example, every day)
for insomnia, they are usually not effective for longer than 2
weeks
Barbiturates
31
- 5-ethyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid
- occurs as sodium salt
Phenobarbitone
32
- hygroscopic
- bitter taste
- water soluble
- odorless
- white crystalline powder
Phenobarbitone sodium
33
- aka Mephobarbital
- 5-ethyl-1-methyl-5-phenylbarbituric
acid synthesis
- white crystalline, water insoluble powder
- soluble in aqueous solutions of alkali hydroxides
and carbonates
- Hephobalbyl is prepared by condensing
ethylphenylethylmalonate with monomethylurea
Methylphenobarbitone/Methylphenobarbital
34
- 5-ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl) barbituric acid
- pentobarbitone sodium salt
- prepared by condensing ethyl 1- metylbutylethylmalonate with
urea
Pentobarbitone
35
- white, crystalline powder
- slightly soluble in
water, whereas its sodium salt is freely soluble in water
Pentobarbitone and its sodium salt
36
- barbituric acid derivative
- 5-ethyl-5-(1- cyclohexenyl) barbituric acid
- colorless crystals
- bitter taste
- mp: 174 degrees celsius
- very slightly soluble in cold water
- freely soluble in hot
water
- soluble in alcohol, ether
Cyclobarbitone
37
- 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid
- white crystalline powder
- slightly soluble in
water
- freely soluble in aqueous solutions of alkali
hydroxides and carbonates
Barbital
38
- 5-isobutyl-5-ethylbarbituric acid
- white crystalline powder
- slightly soluble in
water
Butobarbitone
39
- 5-ethyl-5-isopentylbarbituric acid
- white crystalline powder
- slightly soluble in water
- freely soluble in alkali hydroxide and
carbonate solutions
Amobarbital
40
- (RS)-5-allyl-5- (1-methylbutyl) barbituric acid
- prepared by condensing equimolar mixture of urea with ethyl
1-methylbutylmalonate and alkyl bromide
Secobarbital
41
- the sodium salt of Secobarbital
- white powder
- freely soluble in water
Quinalbarbitone
42
- pyridine derivative (non-barbiturate)
- 2-ethyl-2-phenylglutarimide
- substitute for barbiturates to treat insomnia
- fast acting sedative
- long duration (6 hrs)
Glutethimide
43
- colorless or white colored
- water insoluble powder
- stored in light protected
containers
- used as hypnotic in all types of insomnia
- induces sleep without depressing respiration
Glutethimide
44
- piperidinedione derivative
- 3, 3-diethyl-5 methylpiperidine-2, 4-dione
- white crystalline powder
- characteristic odor
- sparingly soluble in water
- freely soluble in alcohol, chloroform and ether
- stored in
well-closed containers
- used as a hypnotic to treat insomnia
Methyprylone
45
- quinazolinone derivative
- 2-methyl-3-(2-methylphenyl)-4-quinazolinone
- prepared by condensation of N-acetyl anthranilic acid with o-toluidine in presence of phosphoryl chloride
- white crystalline
- water insoluble powder
- stored in a light protected container
- used as a hypnotic and as daytime sedative
Methaqualone
46
- sleep inducing dug used in early 1900s
- not an buses recreational drug
- often misuse by the elderly as a sleep aid
- colorless, white crystalline powder
- slightly bitter taste
- characteristic odor
- prepared by hydration of chloral, which is obtained by the action chlorine on ethyl alcohol
- hypnotic to treat insomnia and to allay anxiety as sedative
Chloral Hydrate
(Trichloroacetaldehyde)
47
- cyclic trimer of acetaldehyde
- 2,4,6-trimethyl-1, 3, 5-trioxane
- colorless liquid
- strong characteristic odor
- prepared by
condensing 3 molecules of acetaldehyde in presence of small
quantities of a catalyst (SO2 or HCl or ZnCl2)
Paraldehyde
48
- colorless or pale yellow
color liquid
- strong characteristic odor
- soluble in water
- stored in airtight, light protected containers
- one of the oldest hypnotic
- used as a hypnotic and sedative
Paraldehyde
49
- 2,2,2- trichloroethylhydrogen orthophosphate
- hygroscopic, white colored powder
- water soluble
- used as hypnotic and sedative
Triclofos Sodium
50
- 2-methyl-2-propyl trimethylene dicarbamate
- propanediol derivative
- white colored
crystalline aggregate
- bitter taste
- odorless
- insoluble in water
- soluble in alcohol
- slightly soluble in ether
- used to induce sleep in anxiety and tensive patients
- possesses anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant properties
Meprobamate
51
- 1-chloro-3-ethyl-1-penten-4-yn-3-ol
- prepared from ethyl chlorovinyl ketone by following chemical
reactions under strict anhydrous conditions
- yellow colored liquid
- characteristic odor
- light sensitive drug, should be protected from light
Ethchlorvynol
52
Benzodiazepines:
Midazolam, Triazolam
Short-acting
53
Benzodiazepines:
Lorazepam, Temazepam, Oxazepam, Alprazolam
Intermediate acting
54
- widely used benzodiazepine derivative to treat all types of insomnia
- 7-chloro-1-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-5-
(2-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-1, 4-benzodiazepin-2- one
- synthesized by condensing benzodiazepinone
with 2-chlorotriethylamine
Flurazepam
55
- hydrochloride salt
- odorless
- water soluble
- white or yellow crystalline powder
- hypnotic or minor tranquilizer
- long lasting effects of up to 1 month
Flurazepam
56
- 7-chloro-1, 3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1, 4-
benzodiazepin-2-one
- white or colorless crystalline powder
- water insoluble
- stored in a well closed container, protected from light
Diazepam
57
- triazolo analogue of 1,4-benzodiazepine
- 8-chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-s-
triazolo [4,3-a] [1,4] benzodiazepine
- short acting benzodiazepine receptor
agonist acting at various sites in the CNS
- used for
short term relief of anxiety and mental depression
Alprazolam
58
- 7- chloro-1, 3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-5-
phenyl-1, 4-benzodiazepin-2-one
- white crystals melting at
120°C
- very slightly soluble in water
- sparingly soluble
alcohol
- a hypnotic drug
- used for the treatment of
insomnia
- long duration of sedative action
Temazepam
59
- benzodiazepine derivative
- CNS depressant
- 7-chloro-1-
(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-
benzodiazepin-2-one
- colorless, crystalline powder
- practically insoluble in water
- soluble in alcohol and
chloroform
Prazepam
60
What is the difference between prazepam from diazepam?
Prazepam differs from diazepam in
possessing of cyclopropyl methyl group for 1-methyl group in
diazepam.
61
- benzodiazepine derivative
- “” dipotassium
- used for symptomatic relief of anxiety
associated with neurosis, phsychoneurosis
Chlorazepate
62
- benzodiazepines
- short term treatment of insomnia
- synthesized by condensing a thioamide intermediate possessing
benzodiazepine nucleus with acetyl hydrazide.
Triazolam
