Sedatives and Analgesics

Question 1

catecholamine receptor types

Answer 1

1. domapine (D1, D2)
2. adrenergic (a1, a2, B1, B2)

Question 2

are dopamine receptors ionotropic or metabotropic

Answer 2

metabotropic
D1: Gs –> increase cAMP
D2: Gi –> decrease cAMP

Question 3

D1 agonists

Answer 3

vasodilation of splanchnic organs

increased blood flow

Question 4

D1 antagonists

Answer 4

vasoconstriction of splanchnic organs

decreased blood flow

Question 5

D2 agonists

Answer 5

emesis
anxiety and fear

Question 6

D2 antagonists

Answer 6

antiemetic
reduce anxiety and fear

Question 7

a1 agonists

Answer 7

excitement
vasoconstriction
splenic contraction –> elevated HCT
hypertension

Question 8

a1 antagonists

Answer 8

sedation
vasodilation
splenic relaxation –> low HCT
hypotension

Question 9

a2 agonists

Answer 9

sedation
analgesia
muscle relaxation
high dose: vasoconstriction + hypertension
low dose: vasodilation + hypotension
bradycardia
increase urination (inhibit ADH)
hyperglycemia (decrease insulin)

Question 10

a2 antagonists

Answer 10

excitement
muscle tone
tachycardia
decrease urination
hypoglycemia

Question 11

acepromazine

Answer 11

D2 and a1 antagonist
central and peripheral effects

Question 12

effects of acepromazine

Answer 12

D2 antagonist:
1. tranquilization
2. antiemetic

a1 antagonist:
1. sedation
2. vasodilation
3. hypotension
4. decreased PCV

Question 13

dexmedetomidine

Answer 13

a2 agonist
central and peripheral effects

Question 14

effects of dexmedetomidine

Answer 14

1. sedation
2. analgesia
3. relaxation
4. vasoconstriction + hypertension followed by vasodilation and hypotension
5. bradycardia
6. hyperglycemia
7. polyuria

Question 15

are opioid receptors ionotropic or metabotropic

Answer 15

metabotropic
Gi protein –> decreases cAMP

Question 16

opioid receptor subtypes

Answer 16

mu
kappa

mu > kappa efficacy

Question 17

opioid receptor agonists

Answer 17

overall decreased neuronal excitability

1. analgesia
2. species dependent CNS effects
3. hypoventilation
4. decreased peristalsis (constipation)

Question 18

species dependent CNS effects of opioid agonists

Answer 18

sedation: dogs, primates, rodents
euphoria: cats (low dose)
excitement: cats, horses (high dose)

Question 19

morphine

Answer 19

mu and kapp opioid receptor agonist
central and peripheral effects

Question 20

effects of morphine

Answer 20

1. analgesia
2. sedation
3. hypoventilation
4. decreased GI motility

Question 21

GABAa receptor structure

Answer 21

2 a subunits
2 b subunits
+/- y subunit (benzodiazepines)

ionotropic:
forms a central Cl pore

Question 22

GABAa function

Answer 22

inhibitory receptor
hyper polarizes the cell to decrease cell excitability

Question 23

benzodiazepine sensitive GABA receptors

Answer 23

contains a, B, and y subunits

benzodiazepine binds to a DIFFERENT site than GABA

Question 24

anesthetic sensitive GABA receptors

Answer 24

contains a and B subunits

anesthetics bind to SAME site as GABA
may have y subunit for benzodiazepine to bind

Question 25

GABAa agonists

Answer 25

inhibits RAS to inhibit arousal 1. species dependent effects 2. amnesia 3. anticonvulsant 4. muscle relaxation 5. anesthesia 6. decreased respiratory drive, ventilation, and altered breathing pattern

Question 26

species dependent GABAa agonist effects

Answer 26

sedation: sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, primates excitement: dogs, cats, horses

Question 27

midazolam

Answer 27

benzodiazepine (GABA agonist) central and peripheral effects

Question 28

effects of midazolam

Answer 28

1. sedation/excitation (spp.) 2. amnesia 3. anticonvulsant 4. muscle relaxation

Question 29

propofol

Answer 29

anesthetic GABA agonist central and peripheral effects

Question 30

effects of propofol

Answer 30

1. sedation (low dose) 2. anesthesia (high dose) 3. amnesia 4. anticonvulsant 5. muscle relaxation 6. hypoventilation

Question 31

NMDA receptors

Answer 31

ionotropic: forms a central cation pore inhibited by Mg blocking pore

Question 32

function of NMDA receptors

Answer 32

excitatory receptor depolarizes the cell to increase cell excitability important in hippocampus for long term memory

Question 33

NMDA antagonists

Answer 33

1. amnesia 2. hallucinations 3. dissociative anesthesia 4. increased muscle tone/rigidity 5. decreased spontaneous movement 6. analgesia

Question 34

ketamine

Answer 34

dissociative anesthetic central and peripheral effects

Question 35

effects of ketamine

Answer 35

1. amnesia 2. increased muscle tone/rigidity 3. decreased spontaneous movement 4. hallucinations 5. dissociative anesthesia 6. analgesia