Sedimentary Petrology

Question 1

study of the processes of formation, transport, and deposition of material that accumulates as sediment in continental and marine environments and eventually forms sedimentary rocks.

Answer 1

Sedimentology

Question 2

study of processes that erode, transport, and deposit sediments

Answer 2

Sedimentology

Question 3

the study of the characteristics and origin of sedimentary rocks

Answer 3

Sedimentary Petrology

Question 4

the study of the origin, relationship, and extent of rock layers (strata)

Answer 4

Stratigraphy

Question 5

the study of rocks to determine the order and timing of events in Earth’s history: it provides the time frame that allows us to interpret sedimentary rocks in terms of dynamic evolving environments.

Answer 5

Stratigraphy

Question 6

formed at low temperatures and pressure compared to igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Answer 6

Sedimentary rocks

Question 7

rocks which form at or near the earth’s surface primarily through: Deposition of weathered material by water, wind, or ice (detrital, clastic, terrigenous), Direct inorganic chemical precipitation from water, or Precipitation by organic processes.

Answer 7

Sedimentary rocks

Question 8

Sedimentary rocks are rocks that form at or near the earth’s surface primarily through?

Answer 8

Deposition of weathered material by water, wind, or ice (detrital, clastic, terrigenous)

Direct inorganic chemical precipitation from water

Precipitation by organic processes.

Question 9

the physical breakdown (disintegration) and chemical alteration (decomposition) of rocks at or near the Earth’s surface.

Answer 9

Weathering

Question 10

2 types of weathering

Answer 10

Physical / Mechanical weathering
Chemical weathering

Question 11

These are processes that break the solid rock into pieces and may separate the different minerals without involving any chemical reactions.

Answer 11

Physical weathering

Question 12

The most important agents in physical weathering

Answer 12

Freeze-thaw action
Temperature change
Salt dome intrusion
Root wedging
Wetting and drying
Organic activity
Unloading

Question 13

Physical / Mechanical weathering prevails in?

Answer 13

cold climates, high altitudes, dry regions

Question 14

repeated cycles of freezing and thawing, the expansion force of water as it freezes is sufficient to split any mineral or rock.

Answer 14

Frost wedging

Question 15

Differences in temperature in a rock give rise to differential expansion (heating) and contraction (cooling).

Answer 15

Heating and cooling

Question 16

The disruption of soil results in the swelling and contracting of soil particles.

Answer 16

Wetting and drying

Question 17

The action of organisms, including animals and plants, reduces the size of rocks and minerals.

Answer 17

Organisms

Question 18

the removal of thick layers of sediments overlying deeply buried rocks by erosion or uplift.

Answer 18

Unloading

Question 19

Factors controlling weathering

Answer 19

Source Composition
Climate
Topographic Relief

Question 21

Weathering where the dissolving of a solid in a liquid

Answer 21

Dissolution

Question 21

Weathering where combination of a solid mineral or element with water.

Answer 21

Hydration

Question 22

Weathering where both the chemical combination of oxygen with a compound and the change in the oxidation number of some chemical elements. it is usually used in mineral weathering

Answer 22

Oxidation and Reduction

Question 23

the chemical process in which electrons are gained

Answer 23

Reduction

Question 24

involves the transfer of charged atoms (ions) of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium between waters rich in one of the ions and a mineral rich in another. This most effective in clay.

Answer 24

Ion-exchange

Question 25

The removal of material by mobile agents such as water, wind, ice, or man

Answer 25

Erosion

Question 26

Arrangement of minerals in Goldich Stability Series (from least to highest resistance)

Answer 26

Olivine, Ca-Felds, Pyroxenes, Amphibole, Na-feldspar, Biotite Mica, K-feldspars, Muscovite Mica, Quartz

Question 27

Difference between Bowen's reaction series and Goldich Stability Series?

Answer 27

Bowen's shows

Question 28

Transport media of Erosion

Answer 28

Air, Water, Ice, Gravity

Question 29

Mode of Transport in Erosion

Answer 29

Rolling, Saltation, Saltation, Suspension

Question 30

the clasts move by rolling along at the bottom of the air or water flow without losing contact with the bed surface

Answer 30

Rolling

Question 31

the particles move in a series of jumps, periodically leaving the bed surface, and carrying short distances within the body of the fluid before returning to the bed again.

Answer 31

Saltation

Question 32

turbulence within the flow produces sufficient upward motion to keep particles in the moving fluid more or less continually.

Answer 32

Suspension

Question 33

Particles being carried by rolling and saltation are referred to as _____________ and the material in suspension is called _________________.

Answer 33

Bedload; Suspended load

Question 34

Flow where all molecules within the fluid move parallel to each other in the direction of transport.

Answer 34

Laminar flows

Question 35

Flow where heterogeneous fluids are thoroughly mixed

Answer 35

turbulent flows

Question 36

Flow where molecules in the fluid move in all directions but with a net movement in the transport direction.

Answer 36

Turbulent flows

Question 37

Flow where a heterogeneous fluid with almost no mixing.

Answer 37

Laminar flows

Question 38

a dimensionless quantity that indicates the extent to which a flow is laminar or turbulent.

Answer 38

Reynolds number(Re)

Question 39

Reynolds number is obtained by relating the following factors:

Answer 39

the velocity of flow (y), the ratio between the density of the fluid and viscosity of the fluid (n– the fluid kinematic viscosity) and a ‘characteristic length’ (l – the diameter of a pipe or depth of flow in an open channel)

Question 40

These are the products of volcanic eruptions or the result of the breakdown of volcanic rocks.

Answer 40

Volcaniclastic sediments

Question 41

This is material that is made up of particles or clasts derived from pre-existing rock

Answer 41

Terrigenous clastic material

Question 42

makeup 20–25% of the sedimentary rocks in the stratigraphic record

Answer 42

Sandstones and conglomerates

Question 43

makeup 60% of the sedimentary rocks in the stratigraphic record

Answer 43

mudrocks

Question 44

any sedimentary rock containing over 50% calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

Answer 44

limestone

Question 45

These are deposits formed by the precipitation of salts out of water due to evaporation

Answer 45

Evaporites

Question 46

what are the other sediments and sedimentary rocks

Answer 46

sedimentary ironstone, phosphate sediments organic deposits (coals and oil shales) cherts (siliceous sedimentary rocks).

Question 47

A widely used classification chat/ grade scale for classifying the diameters of sediments

Answer 47

Uden-Wentworth grain size scale

Question 48

in udden-Wentworth scale, φ ______ as diameter ________.

Answer 48

increase; decrease

Question 49

size of boulder in udden-Wentworth grain size scale

Answer 49

> 256 mm , -8 phi

Question 50

size of cobbles in udden-wentworth grain size scale

Answer 50

16-128 mm; -4 - -8phi

Question 51

size of silt in udden-wentworth grain size scale

Answer 51

0.063 to 0.0039 mm; 4 to 8 phi

Question 52

size of pebbles in udden-wentworth grain size scale

Answer 52

4-16 mm; -2 to -4phi

Question 53

size of granules in udden-wentworth grain size scale

Answer 53

2-4mm ; -1 to -2phi

Question 54

size of sand in udden-wentworth grain size scale

Answer 54

2-0.063 mm ; -1 to 4 phi

Question 55

Sedimentary rocks made of silt- and clay-sized particles. it is the most abundant

Answer 55

Mudrocks

Question 56

Rock name for sedimentary rocks that is composed of gravel size (>2) sediments

Answer 56

Rudite

Question 57

Rock name for sedimentary rocks that is composed of sand (0.065-2) size sediments

Answer 57

Aranite

Question 58

Rock name for sedimentary rocks that is composed of Mud (<0.065) size sediments