seed plants

Question 1

types of seed plants

Answer 1

angiosperms and gymnosperms

Question 2

when do secondary xylem and phloem develop

Answer 2

before progymnosperms

Question 3

when do seeds develop

Answer 3

before gymnosperms

Question 4

when does multicellular embryo sac develop

Answer 4

before angiosperm, consists of female gametophyte composed of many cells, causes food source to change

Question 5

food source for embryo

Answer 5

endosperm

Question 6

pro gymnosperms

Answer 6

seedless plants with woody growth, leaves are fronds with spores underneath

Question 7

seed plants gametophyte

Answer 7

dependent on sporophyte (main body), different from independent gametophyte in seedless plants

Question 8

are spores released into the environment

Answer 8

no, they stay within the flower structure and grow into gametophytes

Question 9

male gametophyte

Answer 9

pollen

Question 10

microspore and megaspore main characteristic

Answer 10

heterosprorous

Question 11

where are megaspores found

Answer 11

ovule

Question 12

pollen advantage

Answer 12

allows for reproduction without free water

Question 13

seed function

Answer 13

provide protection and a food reserve for embryonic sporophyte

Question 14

integument

Answer 14

outside of ovule, develops into seed coat

Question 15

megasporangium

Answer 15

area inside ovule

Question 16

micropyle

Answer 16

entry into ovule where sperm germinate into

Question 17

are sperm usually flagellated in gymnosperm

Answer 17

no, they just move through the pollen tube to produce the embryo, some gymnosperms are flagellated though

Question 18

where is the gymnosperm seed

Answer 18

on the surface

Question 19

four gymnosperm groups:

Answer 19

cyads, gingko, gnetophytes, conifers

Question 20

gymnosperm importance

Answer 20

make up most of the earth’s biomass

Question 21

cycads -

Answer 21

most primitive seed plants, dioecious, look like shrubs

Question 22

how were cycads pollenated

Answer 22

by insects, they don’t produce long pollen tubes, have long flagellated sperm, have symbiotic relationships with cyanobacteria

Question 23

gingko -

Answer 23

living fossil, have dichotomously branched veins, don’t produce woody cones, dioecious, produce flagellated sperm, have large odorous seeds

Question 24

pollination drops -

Answer 24

feature of wind pollinated plants, landing site to capture pollen, these drops can contain sugars and amino acids as their main components,

angiosperms pollination drop include a wet stigma on the outside of a closed carpel, allows for a sweeter carbohydrate

Question 25

conifer definition

Answer 25

cone bearing, produce soft wood due to tracheid xylem (not reinforced with lignin), , monoecious, sperm are nonmotile, usually found in dry areas deciduous (drop their needles)

Question 26

conifer characteristics

Answer 26

reinforced with sclerenchyma, stay on for years, thick cuticle and hypodermis, sunken stoma

Question 27

types of megaphylls in conifers

Answer 27

spruces, pines, firs, scale leaves

Question 28

conifer life cycle:

Answer 28

dominant sporophytes, heterosporous, monecious, meiosis produces microspores and megaspores, resulting in pollen and ovule seeds can be winged and disperse through air, or dispersed by animals

Question 29

types of cones

Answer 29

woody, fleshy-coated, fleshy

Question 30

how do pollen grains disperse

Answer 30

contain air sacs that help with wind dispersal

Question 31

how many archegonia produced by conifers

Answer 31

two

Question 32

pine ovule tissue

Answer 32

outside is diploid, inside is haploid

Question 33

gnetophytes -

Answer 33

only 70 living species, have xylem made of tracheids and vessels, cone clusters resemble inflorsecences, pollen grains produce long tubes to deliver non motile sperms, carry out double fertilization (one egg is fertilized to produce zygote, other egg fuses with the two polar nuclei to form endosperm)

Question 34

angiosperms

Answer 34

at least 260000 families

Question 35

basal angiosperms

Answer 35

different from monocots and dicots, evolved earlier, most don't have xylem, have radial symmetry, superior ovaries, not many species

Question 36

amborella

Answer 36

basal angiosperm, monotypic and endemic to New Caledonia , diecious

Question 37

nymphaeles

Answer 37

basal angiosperm aquatic freshwater plants

Question 38

austobaileyales -

Answer 38

type of basal angiosperm, star anise is most well known species

Question 39

chloranthales -

Answer 39

found in tropical areas, early diverging lineage to angiosperms but don't fit with basal angiosperms, lack vessel elements, aromatic, unisexual and small flowers, drupe fruit

Question 40

magnoliids -

Answer 40

unfused flowers, numerous leaf shaped stamen, indehiscent fleshy fruit,

Question 41

ceratophyllales -

Answer 41

only about 10 species, free floating submerged aquatic plants, lack true roots

Question 42

flower evolution -

Answer 42

decrease in floral parts, inferior ovary, radial to bilateral symmetry

Question 43

monocots vs dicots -

Answer 43

one vs three pollen grains. female gametophytes don't produce archegonia, they produce many types of cells, sperm are nonmotile

Question 44

resin function

Answer 44

ducts to prevent drying