Seeley's Chapter 8 Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
What are the main functions of the nervous system?
A
Receiving information, controlling muscles and glands, maintaining homeostasis, establishing and maintaining mental activity
2
Q
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
A
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
3
Q
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?
A
Brain and spinal cord
4
Q
What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) include?
A
Nerves and ganglia (12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves)
5
Q
What is the role of the Peripheral Nervous System?
A
Communication link between the CNS and body parts, delivers commands from the CNS to other body tissues
6
Q
What are the two main divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System?
A
Sensory Division (Afferent) and Motor Division (Efferent)
7
Q
What is the function of the Sensory Division of the PNS?
A
Conducts action potentials from sensory receptors to the CNS using sensory neurons
8
Q
What is the function of the Motor Division of the PNS?
A
Conducts action potentials from the CNS to effector organs (muscle tissue and glands) using motor neurons
9
Q
What components make up the Autonomic Nervous System?
A
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
10
Q
What is the role of the Enteric Nervous System?
A
Has both sensory and motor neurons; only in the digestive tract
11
Q
What are the main parts of a neuron?
A
Cell body, dendrites, axon
12
Q
What do dendrites do?
A
Receive information from other neurons or from sensory receptors and transmit the information to the neuron cell body
13
Q
What is the function of axons?
A
Conducts action potentials from one part of the brain or spinal cord to another
14
Q
What are the three types of neurons?
A
Multipolar, bipolar, pseudo-unipolar
15
Q
What type of neuron has many dendrites and one axon?
A
Multipolar
16
Q
What type of neuron is found in special sense organs like the eye and nose?
A
Bipolar
17
Q
What is the function of glial cells (neuroglia)?
A
Supportive cells of the CNS and PNS, do not conduct action potentials
18
Q
What are the types of glial cells in the CNS?
A
Astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes
19
Q
What is the role of astrocytes?
A
Major CNS supporting cells, regulate neuronal signaling, contribute to blood-brain barrier, help with neural tissue repair
20
Q
What do ependymal cells do?
A
Line ventricles of brain and central canal of the spinal cord, circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
21
Q
What is the function of microglia?
A
Immune cells of CNS, protect CNS from infection, phagocytic in response to inflammation
22
Q
What do oligodendrocytes do?
A
Insulate axons, form myelin sheaths around axons
23
Q
What are Schwann cells responsible for?
A
Surround and insulate axons in the PNS, form myelin sheaths
24
Q
What is the difference between myelinated and unmyelinated axons?
A
Myelinated axons have myelin sheaths, increasing speed and efficiency of action potential generation; unmyelinated axons have no myelin sheaths.
25
What is the function of nodes of Ranvier?
Gaps in myelin sheath that facilitate rapid conduction of action potentials
26
What is gray matter composed of?
Neuron cell bodies and their dendrites, very little myelin
27
What is white matter composed of?
Bundles of parallel axons with their myelin sheaths
28
What are leak channels?
Ion channels that are always open, allowing ions to leak across the membrane
29
What are gated channels?
Ion channels that are closed until opened by specific signals
30
What is resting membrane potential?
The voltage difference when the cell is unstimulated
31
What maintains resting levels of ions in neurons?
Sodium-Potassium ATPase Pump
32
What are the stages of neuron communication?
Generation of action potentials, action potential propagation along the cell membrane, communication with target cell at synapse
33
What occurs during hyperpolarization?
Cell membrane charge becomes more negative than resting membrane potential
34
What is continuous conduction?
Occurs in unmyelinated axons, action potential in adjacent parts of the cell membrane, no jumping
35
What is saltatory conduction?
Occurs in myelinated axons, action potential jumps from node of Ranvier to axon cell membrane
36
What is a synapse?
Junction where axon of one neuron interacts with another or with cells of an effector organ
37
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemical signals for communication stored in synaptic vesicles
38
What type of neurotransmitter is Acetylcholine (ACh) and what is its effect?
Excitatory or Inhibitory; associated with Alzheimer’s Disease and Myasthenia Gravis
39
What is the function of Norepinephrine (NE)?
Excitatory; associated with cocaine and amphetamine effects
40
What is the effect of Serotonin?
Inhibitory; involved in mood, anxiety, and sleep
41
What is the function of Dopamine?
Excitatory or Inhibitory; associated with Parkinson’s Disease
42
What is Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and its role?
Inhibitory; treats epilepsy
43
What is a converging pathway?
2 or more neurons synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron
44
What is a diverging pathway?
Axon from 1 neuron divides and synapses with multiple postsynaptic neurons
45
What is spatial summation?
Local potentials originate from different locations on the postsynaptic neuron
46
What is temporal summation?
Local potentials overlap in time from 1 rapid-fire input
47
What does the spinal cord extend from?
Foramen magnum to the L2 vertebra
48
What are the columns of spinal cord white matter?
Dorsal Column, Ventral Column, Lateral Column
49
What is the shape of spinal cord gray matter?
H shaped
50
What do dorsal roots contain?
Sensory axons
51
What do ventral roots contain?
Motor axons
52
What is a reflex?
Involuntary reaction to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the CNS
53
What are the components of a reflex arc?
Sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneurons, motor neuron, effector organ
54
What are the categories of spinal nerves?
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal
55
What is a dermatome?
Area of skin supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves
56
What are the parts of the brainstem?
Medulla Oblongata, Pons, Midbrain
57
What is the primary function of the medulla oblongata?
Regulation of heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, balance, and coordination
58
What is the role of the pons?
Relay information between the cerebrum and the cerebellum
59
What does the cerebellum control?
Balance, coordination, and fine motor control
60
What are the parts of the diencephalon?
Thalamus, Epithalamus, Hypothalamus
61
What is the function of the thalamus?
Most sensory input projects to the thalamus, influences mood and registers pain
62
What does the hypothalamus control?
Secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland and homeostasis
63
What is the location of the ithalamus?
Superior and posterior to the thalamus
64
What are the components of the ithalamus?
Small nuclei and the pineal gland
65
What is the function of the small nuclei in the ithalamus?
Emotional and visceral response to odor
66
What is the role of the pineal gland in the ithalamus?
Influence the onset of puberty
67
Where is the hypothalamus located?
Most inferior part of the diencephalon
68
What does the hypothalamus control?
Secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland
69
What structures make up the hypothalamus?
Small nuclei and infundibulum
70
What is the function of the small nuclei in the hypothalamus?
Homeostasis (temperature, hunger, and thirst) and emotional sensations/responses
71
What is the infundibulum?
Funnel-shaped stalk extending from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
72
What are the mammillary bodies associated with?
Emotional responses to odor and memory
73
What divides the cerebrum?
Longitudinal fissure
74
What are the functions of the frontal lobe?
Voluntary motor functions, motivation, aggression, mood, and olfactory reception
75
What is the principal function of the parietal lobe?
Receiving and consciously perceiving sensory information
76
What does the occipital lobe do?
Receives and perceives visual input
77
What functions are associated with the temporal lobe?
Olfactory + auditory sensations and memory
78
What is the psychic cortex responsible for?
Abstract thought and judgement
79
What is the insula involved in?
Perception of taste
80
Define perception.
Conscious awareness of stimuli
81
What sensations are conveyed by the spinothalamic tract?
Pain, temperature, light touch, pressure, tickle, and itch sensations
82
What does the dorsal column tract convey?
Proprioception, touch, deep pressure, and vibration
83
What is the function of the spinocerebellar tract?
Proprioception to cerebellum
84
What are association areas?
Cortical areas adjacent to primary sensory areas
85
What does the somatic motor system maintain?
The body’s posture and balance
86
Where do upper motor neurons have their cell bodies?
In the cerebral cortex
87
What do lower motor neurons connect to?
Skeletal muscles
88
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
In the posterior portion of the frontal lobe, directly anterior to the central sulcus
89
What is the function of the premotor area?
Organizes motor functions before initiation in the primary motor cortex
90
What is the role of the prefrontal area?
Motivation, planning, and initiating movements
91
What is the function of the lateral corticospinal tract?
Muscle tone and skilled movements (especially hands)
92
What does the anterior corticospinal tract control?
Muscle tone and movement of trunk muscles
93
What is the rubrospinal tract associated with?
Movement coordination
94
What does the reticulospinal tract adjust?
Posture during movement
95
What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?
Posture and balance
96
What does the tectospinal tract respond to?
Movement in response to visual reflexes
97
What is the role of basal nuclei?
Planning, organizing, and coordinating motor movements and posture
98
Where is the corpus striatum?
Deep in the cerebrum
99
What is the substantia nigra?
Group of darkly pigmented cells in the midbrain
100
What is the cerebellum attached to?
Brainstem by cerebellar peduncles
101
What functions does the cerebellum serve?
Balance, muscle tone, and fine motor movement
102
What is a comparator in the context of the cerebellum?
Sensing device that compares data from two sources
103
What do proprioceptive neurons innervate?
Joints, tendons, and muscles
104
What is the function of the right cerebral hemisphere?
Receives sensory input from and controls muscular activity in the left half of the body
105
What is the function of the left cerebral hemisphere?
Receives input from and controls muscles in the right half of the body
106
What is Wernicke's area responsible for?
Sensory speech
107
Where is Broca's area located?
In the frontal lobe
108
What are commissures?
Connections between right and left cerebral hemispheres
109
What is the largest commissure?
Corpus callosum
110
What are alpha waves associated with?
Awake but resting
111
What do beta waves indicate?
Higher frequency than alpha waves; intense mental activity
112
What are delta waves associated with?
Deep sleep
113
What do theta waves indicate?
Frustration or brain disorders
114
What is the function of working memory?
Briefly stores information for immediate performance of a task
115
What is short-term memory retention time?
A few minutes to a few days
116
What is involved in long-term memory?
Structural and functional changes in neurons leading to long-term enhancement of synaptic transmission
117
What are the subtypes of long-term memory?
* Declarative/Explicit
* Procedural
118
What components make up the limbic system?
Olfactory cortex, deep cortical regions, nuclei of the cerebrum, and diencephalon
119
What does the limbic system influence?
Long-term declarative memory, emotions, visceral responses to emotions, motivation, and mood
120
What are the meninges?
Surround and protect the brain and spinal cord
121
What are the layers of the dura mater?
* Two layers
* Dural folds and venous sinuses
122
What is the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater called?
Subdural space
123
What is the pia mater?
Tightly bound to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
124
What are the types of ventricles in the brain?
* Lateral Ventricle
* Third Ventricle
* Fourth Ventricle
125
What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) used for?
Bathes the brain and spinal cord; provides a protective cushion
126
What produces cerebrospinal fluid?
Choroid plexuses
127
What is the function of cranial nerve I?
Olfactory; sensory for smell
128
What is the function of cranial nerve II?
Optic; sensory for vision
129
What is the function of cranial nerve III?
Oculomotor; somatic motor and parasympathetic
130
What does cranial nerve V control?
Trigeminal; sensory and somatic motor for face and teeth
131
What is the function of cranial nerve VII?
Facial; sensory, somatic motor, and parasympathetic
132
What is the function of cranial nerve VIII?
Vestibulocochlear; sensory for hearing and balance
133
What does cranial nerve X control?
Vagus; sensory, somatic motor, and parasympathetic
134
What is the general function of the sympathetic division?
Fight or Flight
135
What is the location of preganglionic cells in the sympathetic division?
T1-L2
136
What is the function of the parasympathetic division?
Rest and Digest
137
What neurotransmitter is secreted by preganglionic neurons in both divisions?
Acetylcholine
138
Which neurotransmitter is mainly secreted by postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division?
Norepinephrine
139
What does the sympathetic chain ganglia form?
A chain along both sides of the spinal cord
140
What are collateral ganglia located near?
Target organs
141
What is the function of the vagus nerve?
Supplies thoracic and abdominal organs with parasympathetic innervation
142
What are the effects of the sympathetic division on the heart?
Increases rate and force of contraction
143
What are the effects of the parasympathetic division on the heart?
Decreases rate
144
What happens to blood vessels under sympathetic influence?
Constricts and dilates
145
What effect does the sympathetic division have on the lungs?
Dilates bronchioles
146
What does the parasympathetic division do to intestinal and stomach walls?
Increases motility
147
What does the sympathetic division do to the liver?
Breaks down glycogen; releases glucose
148
What effect does the sympathetic division have on sweat glands?
Secretes sweat
149
What is the effect of the parasympathetic division on the pancreas?
Increases secretion of digestive enzymes and insulin
