Segment #2 Flashcards
(231 cards)
1
Q
What is the vicious circle in MI’s?
A
Decreased 02/nutrients available makes heart work harder to movement ore blood for supply which in turn raises demand
2
Q
Insulin is produced by?
A
Beta cells
3
Q
Valium, Ativan, versed, rohypnol are examples of?
A
Benzos
4
Q
Opioids active what receptors?
A
MU, Kappa
5
Q
What is group beating
A
A pattern of repetitive arms complexes
6
Q
What is parasystole?
A
A ectopic, independent RYTHM that operates concurrently with the dominant rhythm whose foci cant be discharged by the dominant pacemaker impulses.
7
Q
How many total vertebrae?
A
33
8
Q
GTPLAM means?
A
G: gravida T: Term P: Para L:Number of LIVING children A: Abortus M: Multiple births
9
Q
Definition of Arrhythmia
A
Irregularly or absence of a heartbeat
10
Q
Cipro, Bactrin, flagyl, amoxil, ampiciliian are examples of what?
A
Antibiotics
11
Q
What does osteblasts and class respond to?
A
Estrogen
12
Q
What are the 4 types of connectors most often seen in iv admin sets?
A
1-slip type
2-Luer lock
3-slip Liebr
13
Q
4 general causes of anemia?
A
1-impaired RBC production
2-increased RBC production
3-blood loss
4-combination of the above
14
Q
What is the skin like in neuro shock?
A
Pink, warm, dry
15
Q
Diphenhydramine is example of what?
A
Antihistamines
16
Q
Neo Nate rec triangle
A
Dry Warm Position Suction Stimulate 02 BVM ETT Chest compressions Medications
17
Q
Metoprolol, atenolol, sotalol (beta blockers)
Amlodipine, adalat (calcium channel blockers) are examples of what drug?
A
Antiarrythmias
18
Q
Varices is caused by what?
A
Cirrhosis of the liver which increae hepatoportal pressure
19
Q
The condition after a seizure is called?
A
Todds paralysis
20
Q
Valium goes in what site?
A
Rectal
21
Q
What is polycythemia?
A
An increase in the amount of circulation RBC’s
22
Q
What is super Hep?
A
D
23
Q
Gallstones is called?
A
Biliary Colic
24
Q
If apgar score is _____ must start CPR
A
-6
25
4. Lassifications of drugs are what?
1: tricyclics: Amitryptaline, desipramine, doexpin, imipramine
2 MAOi’s: Maryland, nardil, parnate
3: SSRI proxac, fluxetine, Paxil, Zoloft
4-atypical: Wellbutrin, Effexor
Antidepressants
26
What is Idiojunctional RYTHM
Relatively slow, independent RYTHM that arises in the av junction and controls the ventricles.
27
90% of diabetes are..?
Type 2, NIDDM
28
Coumadin (warfarin), heparin are examples of what?
Anticoagulants/ antiplatelet
29
What is Empyema?
Collection of puss/exudates in pleural space
| -generally from previous lung infection that has spread
30
What are the 3 basic types of iv catheters?
1-plastic catehtorers inserted over hollow needles
2-palastic catheters unserted through hollow needle or over a guide wire
3-hollow need (butterfly type)
31
3 major vessels most frequently injured in vascular structure injury are?
1-aorta
2-inferior vena cava
3-renal, messenteric, and iliac arteries and veins
32
3 cirrhosis causes
1-alcohol abuse
2-hep b and c
3-autoimmune dieseae
33
Small punches in the colons that bulge outward through weak spots.
Diverculosis
34
Furosemide (lasix) aldactone, hyrocholothiazide, diuril examples of what?
Diuretics
35
APGAR means
```
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration’s
```
36
What are the 4 types of hemophilia?
1-A
2-B (Christmas)
3-C
4-Von Willebrand disease
37
What kind of hypertension has strongest link to atherosclerosis as main cause?
Primary
38
For CVA what is the timeline for when we pick up to delivery to CT?
4.5 hrs
39
What is Virchows Triad? Hint, for DVT
1-hypercoagulabliity
2-blood stasis
3-vessel damascene
40
Esophageal varices is often caused by what?
Liver cirrhosis
41
stages of acute renal failure
1-prerenal
2-renal
3-postrenal
42
How many bones in appendicular and axial?
Appen: 126
Axial: 80
43
What seizure consists ofbehavioural change and altered LOC?
Complex partial
44
2 major types of biliary colic?
1-cholesterol gallstones( too much fatty foods)
| 2-pigment gallstones (bilirubin)
45
What abd issue has kussmauls resps?
Chronic renal failure
46
What is renal colic?
Kidney stones
47
What inch needle for IM
1-1.5 inch
| 19-23 gauge
48
Glucagon is produced by..?
Alpha cells
49
What are the 9 fracture types?
```
1- open
2-closed
3-compression
4-colles
5-greenstick
6-transverse
7-oblique
8-simple
9-comminuted
```
50
What chronic disorder is muscular dystrophy caused by degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord?
ALS/ Lou Gehrigs
51
What tunica has semilunar valves designed to prevent backflow and ensure the flow of blood toward the heart?
-tunics intima (inner)
52
What 2 organs are primary sources of exsanguinations?
Liver and spleen
53
3 types of angina pain?
1-stable
2-variant (prinzmetal)
3-unstable
54
What infection can be life threatening?
Infectious
55
What is epiglottitis?
Bacterial infection of epiglottis
56
What seizure is a form of epilepsy involving buried alteration in movement, sensation or nerve function caused by abnormal electirucal activity in localized area of the brain?
Jacksonian
57
What is a bundle branch block
An abnormality in cardiac impulse conduction through the fibres of the bundle of his
58
What is the time of flow rate equation?
Volume x gtt/ml
——————-
Gtt/min
59
What headaches are typically more intense at night?
Cluster
60
____ poisoning exhibits a similar clinical picture or organophosphate posioning
Carbamate
61
What disorder is a infection of the brain tissue by a bacteria or virus which usually occurs first in another area of the body and migrates to the brain?
Encephalitis
62
3 classifications of connections at joints?
1-immovable
2-slightly moveable
3-highly moveable
63
What are the 4 dorms of Artherosclerosis?
1-PVD
2-Aortic problems
3-CVA
4-CAD
64
2 main types of dialysis
1-hemodialysis
| 2-peritoneal dialysis
65
When is paraplegic?
Thoracic
66
When is quadriplegia?
Cervical
67
What is AV dissociation
The independent beating of the atria and ventricles
68
What is potentiation?
A synergistic action in which the effect of 2 drudge given simultaneously is greater than the effect of the drugs given separertly
69
What 4 types does IV solutions come in?
1-Crystaloids
2-Colloids
3-Blood
4-Oxygen carrying fluids
“COBB” salad
70
When seizure last more than 30 mins it is called?
Status epilepticus
71
What is Bigeminy?
A normal beat alternating with a premature beat
72
Lidocaine, Epi, atropine and narcan are examples of what?
ET meds
73
What kind of needle should be used for patients in shock, cardiac arrest, or other life threatening emergencies
Large bore
74
Indications and contra for traction splints
Indi:
- mid shaft demure fracture
- closed
- no pelvic or lower extremiyy injury
Contra:
- open fractures
- gross angulations
75
What is a example of hyper and hypo tonic solutions?
Hypo
-.3 % normal saline
Hyper:
- Mannitol (head injury pts)
- 3.0% normal saline
76
What disease is resulting in spotty destruction of myelin?
Multiple sclerosis
77
A lethal dose of TCA is only ___x the prescribed dose
8x
78
3 main causes of peptic ulcers?
1-helicobacter pylori infection
2-increae gastric secreations
3-decreased mucosal secreations (NSAID abuse)
79
The ___ and ____ may be injured by compression forces in high speed motor vehicle crashed and deceleration injurties with people wearing seat belts
Large and small bowel
80
Inflammation of the gall bladder is called?
Choleycstis
81
What is Mobitz type 2 block?
A second degree or partial av block characterized by the sudden nonconduction of a atrial impulse and a periodic nonconducted beat that occurs without warning-without previous lengthening of the PR interval,
82
Wha temp does crack melt at?
98 Deg c
83
10 % of diabetics are?
Type 1, IDDM
84
Osteoblasts vs Osteoclasts
Blasts: build bone
Clasts: break down bone
85
Lorazopam, ,idazolam (versed), diazepam (Valium) are examples of what?
Benzo
86
Definition of Aberrant
Abnormal
87
3 stages of chronic renal failure?
1-early stage (60% nephron loss)
2-second stage (75% nephron loss)
3-end stage (uremia) (90% nephron loss)
88
True or false?
| The brain has no pain receptors?
True!
89
What are some examples of Isotonic Solutions?
1-.9% normal saline
2- Ringers Lactate
3-D5W (relatively isotonic)
90
What is placenta Previa? Pain?
Abnormal posistion of the placenta within the uterus
Painless, bright red blood
91
What is Croup?
Viral infection. Upper airway becomes inflamed and minor swelling
92
1: ACE inhibitors: accupril, captopril, lisinopril, enalapril
2: angiotensin 2 blockers:losartan
Antihypertensives “ils”
93
What hep is transferred via std?
C
94
SQ is what needle?
5.8
95
Adult abd cavity can hold up to how many litres of fluid before showing signs of distension?
1.5L
96
What is synergism?
The interaction of 2 or more drudge to produce a certain effect
97
What is electromechanical disssociation?
Electrical activity without evident of myocardial contraction
98
What are some causes of a PE
- thrombi
- fatty emboli
- air emboli
- amniotic fluid
- tumour cells
99
How many phases in cardiac actionable potentials?
0-4 (5)
100
What is dimenhydrinate and metoclopramide examples of?
Antiemtics
101
What is ulcerative colitis?
Inflammation in the ulcerative colitis is limited to the inner lining of the colon
- urge to defecate
- loss of electrolytes (see cardiac dysthymia )
102
Variant (prinzmetal) is usually caused by what?
VASOSPAMS
103
2 ways cholesterol gallstones are formed?
1-liver secretary too much LDL and bile cant dissolve all
| 2-liver does not produce enough bile to dissolve the CHL
104
Naloxone is example of what?
Opioid antagonists
105
Benadryl goes in what route?
IM
106
What 2 culprits are at fault for chronic renal failure?
HTn and diabetes
107
Renal failure uses what acronym for creating levels?
B: blood
U: uraemia
N: nitrogen
108
What hep has flu like symptoms?
B
109
Pantoloc, Zantac, Pepcid are examples of what?
Antacids
110
2 main types of seizures
1-generalized (both hemispheres)
| 2-partial (one hemisphere)
111
As pressure increases in the Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus filtration rate ____
Falls
112
2 general causes of chronic renal disease?
1-bacteria infection
| 2-renal failure from multiple causes
113
What are the 4 routes of entry for drugs?
1-inhalation
2-absorption
3-injection
4-ingestion
114
Anura must be less than.....
50 mL/day
115
What solution is isotonic in the container but hypotonic in the circulatory system?
D5W
116
In drownings, what is the max number of mins a patient can be under for us to work it?
90 mins
117
What 3 functions occurs during respiration?
1-o2 exchange
2-carbon dioxide/ waste exchange
3-alterations in thoracic pressure
118
Cerebral aneurysms present like what?
Stroke and or headache
119
What is a Mobitz type 1 (wenckeback) block?
A second degree or partial av block in whic the PR interveral increases progressively until the atrial impulse arrives during the Absolute refractory period and the corresponding ventricular beat is not conducted.
120
What are the times for the 3 I’s?
Ischemia (10 sec)
Injury (-20)
Infarct (+20)
121
What is junctional dysthymia?
The irregular heartbeat that results when the av node assumes the SA nodes roles as the hearts primary pacemaker.
122
Thrombolyic and emboltitc make up ___ % of stoke pts
25
123
Injury to what organ should be suspected in MVCs, falls and sports injuries? Where would pt complain of pain?
Spleen
- lower left chest
- flank
- upper left abd
124
What is extrasystole?
An ectopic beat, occuring before the next dominant beat, that depends on and couples with the preeeding beat, contraction of the heart that occurs prematurely and interrupts the normal cardiac cycle
125
Arterio vs Arthur?
Arterio:
Hardening of vessel walls
Arthur:
Hardening of vessel walls from fat deposits
126
What kind of hypertension can happen in 1 day?
Malignant/hypertensive
127
Lethal doses for ASA
Mild-moderate toxicity: 150-300 mg:kg
Serious: 301-500 mg/kg
Lethal: 500 Mg/kg
128
Dilantin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital are examples of what?
Anticonvulsants/ anbtipileptic
129
What seizure was formally called petit mall or behavioural, they are buried periods of abronoaml purposelsss behaviour
Absence
130
3 primary types of hypertension?
1-primary
2-secondary
3-malignant/hypertensive crisis
131
Is there tachycardia or not in Neuro shock?
Not!
132
What 3 things do skeletal and muscular systems work in conjunction to?
1-move
2-protect
3-regulate (thermal and chemically)
133
What infectious disease is preceded by a viral infection, it has unknown ethology and presents as progressive weakness dismally moving inwards towards the trunk?
Guilin barre syndrome
134
What are the 2 problems with hemorrhagic stroke?
1-ischemia
| 2- intracranial pressure
135
Hypertension are what numbers?
Systolic: 140-160
Diastolic: +90
136
What is compensatory pause?
The period following premature contraction during which the heart regulates itself allowing the SA node to resume normal conduction
137
What is a clonally malignant disorder of the flood forming organs causing an accumulation of dysfunctional cells and a loss of division regulation
Leukaemia
138
Bright Red blood is above or below the stomach?
Above
139
What is high permeability pulmonary edema and inability to adequately oxygenate despite 100% o2?
ARDS (adult resp distress syndrome)
140
In pregnancy does BP go up or down?
Down (should)
141
______ time is the interval between the origination of a impulse at the SA node and the stimulation of a ventricular contraction
Conduction
142
What 2 organs are the most frequently involved in blunt trauma?
Liver and spleen
143
What are the order of straps for the KED?
- Middle (yellow)
- Bottom (red)
- Legs (white)
- Head
- Top strap (green)
*My, Baby, Looks,Hot, Tonight
144
2 types of ABD pain
1-Parietal
| 2-Visceral
145
What is a atrioventricular block
A cardiac impulse conduction disturbance in the AC node, bundle of his or its brances.
146
Oral: diabenase, diabeta
Insulin: regular (Toronto) , NPH, Lente, semilente, ultralente
Hypoglycemics
147
______ contain large molecules such as protein that do not readily passs through the capillary membrane
Colloids
148
What is passed on by droplets in a cough?
Tuberculosis
149
_____ is quivering or oncoordinated muscular contraction
Fibrillation
150
Digoxin, lanpxin, diitalis are examples of?
Cardiac glycosides
151
What are the 4 seizure meds and 2 pre hospital meds?
1-Dilantin (phenytoin)
2- Tegretol (carbamazepine)
3-Phenobarbital
4- Depakene (vaporizer acid)
1-Valium (diazepam)
2-versed (midaszolam)
152
What q’s are important when taking HX for OD’s?
-what was taken?
-time?
-route?
How much?
-why?
-Any vomitting
-any samples?
153
What disease involves arteries of extremities and ABD organs?
Peripheral Vascular Diease (PVD)
ABD and extremities
154
What headache is caused by dilation of cerebral blood vessels?
Vascular ( migraine)
155
When do you hear crackles, Stridor and wheezes?
Crackles: fluid
Stridor: FBAO
Wheezing: bronchospasms
156
What are the 3 stages of renal failure?
1-renal insufficiency
2-end stage renal failure
3-renal failure
157
What is the MTWHF acronym for organo positing?
```
M-mydriasis (pupil dilation)
T-tachycardia
W-weakness
H-hypertension, Hyperglycemia
F-fasciculations (twitching)
```
158
Crystallizes 1 L of normal saline contains what?
- 154 mEq sodium ions (Na +)
| - 154 mEq of chloride ions (Cl-)
159
What kind of needle should be used in pts requiring blood?
-min 18 gauge
160
Other name for RHF
For pulmonale
161
What is “direct lateral force on spinal column, typically shearing one level of cord from another”?
Lateral stress
162
Varicose vein
Distended, tortuous, palpable vein
163
What is Fusion Beat
Simultaneous activation of one chamber of the hear by two foci
164
What is frank starlings law?
The more the ventricle is filled with blood during diastole, the greater the volume of ejected blood will be during the resulting systolic contraction
165
What are the 7 types of respiratory patterns?
```
1-tachypnea
2-bradypnea
3-apnea
4-kussmal
5-biots
6-Cheyenne stokes
7- atonal
```
166
What is a ectopic beat?
A beat originating from a source of cardiac stimulus other than the SA node, usually caused by some irritation of the myocardium
167
What is Escape Beat
An automatic beat that occurs after a interval longer than the dominant cycle.
168
What are analgesics? Examples
Relive pain
Narcotics: fentanyl. Demerol, darvon, o you
Non Narcotics/ Asa, Tylenol, ibu, buscopan
Mixed: t3, Percocet
169
What hep is most common in Asia and Africa?
D
170
Nitro patches, analgesics, nicotine patches go in what site?
Transdermal j
171
What is the other name for malignant/ hypertensive crisis?
Complicated hypertension
172
What seizure is characterized by a sudden onset of loss of coordination and consciousness? Typically last 3-5 mins
Tonic clinic (grand mal)
173
What is a automatic beat
A impulse arising in a automatic focus, independent of the dominant RYTHM.
174
What is the most common cause of trauma during pregnancy?
MVC’s
175
What is the fastest med route?
Inhalation (NEB or MDI)
176
What are the 3 primary determinants of BP?
1-blood volume
2-cardiac output
3-peripheral resistance
177
What is idioventricular rhythm?
Relativel slow rhythm that originates from and controls the ventricles.
178
How many mL can be admin in deltoid muscle?
3ML
179
First stage of labour
Begins with first true contraction and ends with full dilation of the cervix
180
Docusate, sennokot examples of what?
Laxatives and stool softeners
181
3 major functions of muscles in the body
1-motion
2-stabalize
3-thermogenesis
182
6 rules of splinting
1-if no cms, have ONE attempt to realign to anatomical position
2-if intact cms, splint in posistion found
3-remove all constrictive clothing and material around injured site
4-immobilize joint above and below
5-pad splint
6-joints are splinting in posistion found unless....
*extreme distal cyanosis
*extremiyy lacks distal perfusion
*NO REDUCING DISLOCATIONS
183
What is dysuria?
Pain with urination
184
Difference between extrinsic and intrinsic?
E:
- pollen pollution
- dust
- fires
- animals
I:
- exercise
- emotions
185
What is the gtt/min equation?
Volume x ggt/ml
——————
Time
186
7 functions of the liver
```
My Little Pony Does Eighty Boys Passionately is
1-Maintanece of blood glucose levels
2-lipid metabolism
3-protein metabolism
4-detoxify of drugs and hormones
5-excretion of bilirubin
6-bile production
7-phagocytosis
```
187
______ solutions move quickly across cell membranes
Crystalloid
188
Key factor separating MI from angina?
Tissue death
189
Atrovent and atropine are examples of what?
Anti cholinergic
190
Difference between bronchitis and Emphysema?
Bronchitis:
- productive cough
- produces mucous (yellow and thick)
Emp
- destruction of alveoli
- non productive cough
- frequent lung infections
191
at is abruptio placenta?
Premature detachment of a normal situated placenta
Severe pain and dark vaginal bleeding
192
Gastroenteritis causes (same as peptic ulcers)
1-virus’s/ bacteria
2-increased gastric secreations
3-decreased mucosal barrier
193
When is apgar done?
1 and 5 min post delivery
194
What is characterized by a fever, respiratory symptoms such as cough and SOB and possiblyare throats, headache, diarrhea and myalgia
SARS (severe acute resp syndrome)
195
What is the TKVO rate?
Approx 150 ml/hr
196
hemophilia is xlinked to which gender?
Males
197
What form of hypertension is easily identifiable?
Secondary
198
4 M’s
Multiple passengers
Maturity
Medication
Meconium
199
What are the 3 pacemakers rate?
SA: 60-100
AV: 40-60
Perjinkie: 20-40
200
What ecg changes will you notice with the following?
Ischemia
Injury
Infarction
Ischemia: st depression/tall t waves
Injury: ST elevation
Infarction: normal st with pathological q waves and irregular qrs/t waves
201
3 major functions of the kidney?
1-regulation of blood volume and composition
2-regulation of blood pH
3-regulation of BP
202
What is pre eclampsia?
Abnormal state during pregnancy with hypertension and fluid retention
203
4 potential complications for neonates
1-Resp depression
2-cardiovascular system compromise
3-thermo reg
4-meconium aspiration
204
What are the 4 characteristics special to cardiac cells?
1-automaticity
2-excitability
3-conductivity
4-contractility
205
2 types of strokes?
(1) occlusive
| 2) hemorrhagic
206
What hep is fecal oral?
A
207
Second stage of labour
Begins with full dilation of the crevices and needs with the delivery of the baby
208
The longer the catheter the ______ the flow rate
Slower
209
What is Guillian Barre Syndrome?
Progressive muscle shutdown
210
Hyperglycaemia is blood sugar above?
11
211
What is coupling?
The relationship of a premature beat and the preceding beat
212
All ECG reads ____ to _____
Negative to positive
213
You should place a pregnant pt on their ____ side after trauma to take pressure of the ______?
Left
Inferior vena cava
214
What is paroxysmal?
Recurring suddenly and abruptly
215
S/S of L-CHF vs R-CHF
L-CHF
- pink frothy sputum
- pulmonary Edema
- dyspnea
R-CHF
- pedal edema
- Sacral edema
- JVD
216
What ml can be admin gluteus or quadriceps muscles?
5mL
217
What disorder is caused by a congenital defect or lesion?
Cerebral palsy
218
What is Huntington’s Disease
-disruption of muscle coordination
219
What 3 P’s are involved with DKA?
Polyphagia
Polyuria
Polydipsia
220
Small pouches become obstructed then infected?
Diverticulitis
221
Pulmicort, Ventolin, theophylline examples of what?
Bronchodilators
222
What are the 3 causes of ABD pain?
1-mechanical (distension, pulling)
2- Inflammatory (swelling)
3-Ischemic (obstruction of blood flow)
223
What headache is generalized caused by contraction of the muscles of the scalp and neck?
Tension
224
What is a agonist?
Chemical substance capable of combing with a receptor on a cell and initiating a reaction or activity
225
What are common colloids solutions?
- Blood derivatives
| - artificial colloids
226
Amphetamines prodcuce ___ and ___ stimulation
CNS and PNS
227
What is a antagonist?
Opposition between two or more medications
228
What organ is typically protected during blunt mechanisms?
Stomach
229
Their stage of labour
Begins at the end of the delivery of the baby and ends at delivery of the placenta
230
What are the severities of A and B hemophilia?
Severe: spontaneous bleeding
Moderate: bleeding after trauma
Mild: bleeding after severe trauma or surgery
231
What is the fever or progenic reaction to iv?
100-105 degress F
