Segmentation Cues Flashcards
what are the segmentation cues of speech perception
- spoken word recognition
2. lexical access
what is spoken word recognition
listener identifies acoustic-phonetic and/or phonological form of spoken words
what is word recognition a form of
pattern recognition
what is lexical access
higher-level processes involved in activation of meaning/(s) of words present in listener’s mental lexicon
- lexical segmentation occurs
what is lexical segmentation
- phonetic or phonological form makes contact with appropriate representation stored in memory / cortex
- word meaning is accessed from lexicon
what is a logogen
a word’s defining characteristics
- syntactic
- semantic
- sound
what is the logogen theory of word recognition
- each word in mental lexicon has a logogen
- logogen accept input from bottom-up sensory analysers and top-down contextual mechanisms
- word recognition: when logogen crosses critical threshold value
- trade-off r/s: more contextual info input to a logogen from top-down sources would require less sensory info to bring logogen above threshold for activation
what is the cohort theory of word recognition
- bottom-up sensory info allows activation of potential word candidates
- word-initial cohort: share same initial sound sequence
- word recognition: when a word is uniquely distinguished from any other words in the cohort
- inappropriate word candidates deactivated
- analysis of sound structure of remaining input is much less detailed after word recognition
what does the logogen and cohort theory agree on
- word recognition + subsequent lexical access = result of balance between avail sensory and contextual info about word
- word recognition: at pre-lexical level - use of acoustic cues to word onsets or knowledge of statistical regularities of lexical items
- lexical access: lexical level - sequential recognition of words in connected speech or lexical competition between word candidates
what is the hierarchy of cues in speech perception
- tier I: lexically-semantically mediated segmentation
- tier II: phonetic and/or phonological forms
- tier III: metrical prosody (stress)
what are garden path sentences
grammatically correct sentences that lure readers into a parse that turns out to be a dead end
what are garden path sentences evidence of
processing syntactic cues in speech with lexical ambiguities is the most efficient way using frequently occurring syntactic structures
- but it may not be correct!
what is the ganong effect
tendency to perceive ambiguous speech sounds as phoneme that completes a real word than a nonsense one
what is the ganong effect evidence of
influence of top-down processing in speech perception
how can visual cues influence our perception
- lips
- closed or open
- rounded or spread - jaw
- tongue height
- tongue posture
what is the mcgurk effect
perceptual illusion that pairs auditory component of a sound with visual component of another
how does the mcgurk effect happen
- visual info from speaker changes the way listener hears the sound
- both brain hemispheres contribute to integrate speech info received from both auditory and visual sense
when is mcgurk effect most likely to take place
- poor quality auditory info
- good quality visual info
who typically experiences greater mcgurk effect
patients with lesions to LH
who typically experiences smaller mcgurk effect
- dyslexics
- children with DLD
- children with ASD
- adults with LLD
- alzheimer’s disease patient
what does prosody refer to
speech elements that are properties of syllables and larger speech units (suprasegmentals)
what does prosody reflect
speaker features
- emotional state
- form of utterance
- presence of irony
- sarcasm
- emphasis
- contrast
- focus
what are auditory measures
subjective impressions in the mind of listener
what are objective measures
physical properties of sound wave and physiological characteristics of articulation measured objectively
